que es wicca

Pero los libros de G. Gardner, sus numerosas apariciones públicas en los medios de comunicación y su ayuda como iniciador de diversos “covens” por el que surgieron multitud de grupos mágicos en las Islas Británicas, lo convirtió en el principal impulsor, aunque hemos de mencionar la ayuda de la sacerdotisa Doreen Valiente en la constitución de algunos de sus rituales Wicca. Sin embargo, y a pesar de ello, sí podemos afirmar que la Wicca amalgama y concita prácticas pre-cristianas ligadas a la tierra y la naturaleza, al margen de tradiciones reales o de organizaciones existentes. [93] Similarly, the scholar of religion Geoffrey Samuel noted that Wiccans devote "a perhaps surprising amount of attention to darkness and death. [87] This may have derived from Gardner's interpretation of Murray's claim that the ancient witch-cult was a fertility religion. [43], Although different Wiccans attribute different traits to the Horned God, he is most often associated with animals and the natural world, but also with the afterlife, and he is furthermore often viewed as an ideal role model for men. La Magia es la práctica de mover energías naturales con el fin de lograr un cambio necesario". [47][49] Other Wiccan conceptualisations have portrayed her as a Moon Goddess and as a Menstruating Goddess. [73] He noted that Gardner, like previous writers, viewed the witch as a "positive antitype which derives much of its symbolic force from its implicit criticism of dominant Judaeo-Christian and Enlightenment values". Esta manifestación es el objetivo del ritual de bajar la Luna o bajar el Sol, donde se invoca a la Diosa para que descienda al cuerpo de la sacerdotisa o al Dios en el sacerdote … In Wicca, denominations are referred to as traditions,[13] while non-Wiccans are often termed cowans. Download. [53] In the 1970s, Dianic Wiccan groups developed which were devoted to a singular, monotheistic Goddess; this approach was often criticised by members of British Traditional Wiccan groups, who lambasted such Goddess monotheism as an inverted imitation of Christian theology. There exists no dogmatic moral or ethical code followed universally by Wiccans of all traditions, however a majority follow a code known as the Wiccan Rede, which states "an it harm none, do what ye will". Other traditions trace their origins to different figures, even if their beliefs and practices have been influenced to a greater or lesser extent by Gardner. [164] The theory's most prominent advocate was the English Egyptologist Margaret Murray, who promoted it in a series of books – most notably 1921's The Witch-Cult in Western Europe and 1933's The God of the Witches. Tenemos una doctrina muy simple: ‘Haz solo aquello que es correcto’. In, Crowley, Vivianne. [112], Other traditions wear robes with cords tied around the waist or even normal street clothes. "The Nature of the Goddess: Sexual Identities and Power in Contemporary Witchcraft". [63] It is nevertheless a common belief among Wiccans that human beings have a spirit or soul that survives bodily death. "Wicca originated in the early decades of the twentieth century among those esoterically inclined Britons who wanted to resurrect the faith of their ancient forebears, and arose to public attention in the 1950s and 1960s, largely due to a small band of dedicated followers who were insistent on presenting their faith to what at times was a very hostile world. Las tesis de M. Murray y de G. Gardner son fruto más de la fantasía y la especulación desenfrenada que del trabajo científico y concienzudo de un investigador. It is a personal cookbook of spells that have worked for the owner. Identifying as a witch also enables Wiccans to link themselves with those persecuted in the witch trials of the Early Modern period, often referred to by Wiccans as "the Burning Times". Following Gardner's death in 1964, the Craft continued to grow unabated despite sensationalism and negative portrayals in British tabloids, with new traditions being propagated by figures like Robert Cochrane, Sybil Leek, and most importantly Alex Sanders, whose Alexandrian Wicca, which was predominantly based upon Gardnerian Wicca, albeit with an emphasis placed on ceremonial magic, spread quickly and gained much media attention. Wicca often involves the ritual practice of magic, though it is not always necessary. Así, Wicca es una religiosidad politeísta, o duo-teista, o incluso monoteísta, para algunos. [115], Wiccans celebrate several seasonal festivals of the year, commonly known as Sabbats. Como en las religiones orientales, la Wicca cree en la reencarnación. Lamentablemente para los creyentes en la Wicca, no hay indicios científicos fundados de que todo esto sea así; más bien parece ser falso. "[166] Simpson noted that the only contemporary member of the Folklore Society who took Murray's theory seriously was Gerald Gardner, who used it as the basis for Wicca. [138] [35] From the 1990s onward, various Wiccans began describing themselves as "Traditional Witches", although this term was also employed by practitioners of other magico-religious traditions like Luciferianism. No existen pruebas que mantengan ninguna de estas tesis, y parece ser que más bien no ha habido ninguna continuidad de prácticas ocultistas, brujeriles o paganas durante tanto tiempo de manera establecida, coordinada y lineal en las islas británicas o en ningún lugar de Europa. Pero no toda la Wicca ve la realidad natural de igual forma. In his Book of Shadows, there are texts taken from various sources, including Charles Godfrey Leland's Aradia, or the Gospel of the Witches (1899) and the works of 19th–20th century occultist Aleister Crowley, whom Gardner knew personally. La moral Wicca es simple: haz lo que desees, mientras no dañes a nadie. Se trata de una corriente espiritual, con códigos de ética, conceptos, rituales y divinidades propios. [57] Such a view was purported by the High Priestess Vivianne Crowley, herself a psychologist, who considered the Wiccan deities to be Jungian archetypes that existed within the subconscious that could be evoked in ritual. The first of these to be published was in Paul Huson's Mastering Witchcraft (1970), and unusually involved recitation of the Lord's Prayer backwards as a symbol of defiance against the historical Witch Hunt. El círculo mágico es uno de los más conocidos: es presentado como un espacio purificado en el que se llevan a cabo diferentes rituales. Existen ‘iglesias’ wicca. Some Wiccans refer to the goddess deity as the "Lady" and the god deity as the "Lord"; in this context, when "lord" and "lady" are used as adjectives, it is another way of referring to them as a divine figure. [21][22] The first recorded use of the word "Wicca" appears in 1962,[23] and it had been popularised to the extent that several British practitioners founded a newsletter called The Wiccan in 1968. El Neopaganismo es un redescubrimiento y también una invención acrítica de religiones pre-cristianas ligadas a la fecundidad y la naturaleza. [182] During the 1960s, the name of the religion normalised to "Wicca". "[71], — Religious studies scholar Joanne Pearson[72], The historian Wouter Hanegraaff noted that the Wiccan view of witchcraft was "an outgrowth of Romantic (semi)scholarship". In certain traditions, ritualised sex magic is performed in the form of the Great Rite, whereby a High Priest and High Priestess invoke the God and Goddess to possess them before performing sexual intercourse to raise magical energy for use in spellwork. [30] From the late 1980s onwards various books propagating Wicca were published that again used the former, broader definition of the word. It is divided into a number of diverse lineages, sects and denominations, referred to as traditions, each with its own organisational structure and level of centralisation. La sacerdotisa concita y congrega aspectos lunares, primaverales y misteriosos; el sacerdote aspectos solares, de señorío de vida y muerte, y de realeza de la caza. She then becomes eligible to wear the "moon crown". Es el círculo mágico protector, agrupando los 4 elementos básicos (Tierra, Aire, Fuego, Agua), y además el 5º elemento o Espíritu, que ha de colocarse en el vértice superior. Some covens have formed but who do not follow any particular tradition, instead choosing their influences and practices eclectically. Una de estas es la ‘Universal Life Church’ (Iglesia Vida Universal -wicca) de Modesto, California, que se describe así misma de esta manera: La Iglesia Vida Universal incluye a todas las personas pacíficas. [85] Most Wiccans celebrate a set of eight of these Sabbats; however, other groups such as those associated with the Clan of Tubal Cain only follow four. [7] Initiation and training of new priesthood is most often performed within a coven environment, but this is not a necessity, and a few initiated Wiccans are unaffiliated with any coven. After a ritual has finished, the God, Goddess, and Guardians are thanked, the directions are dismissed and the circle is closed. [205], Wicca emerged in predominantly Christian England, and from its inception the religion encountered opposition from certain Christian groups as well as from the popular tabloids like the News of the World. The Craft is a place where all of these things fit together – beauty, pageantry, music, dance, song, dream. [31] Thus, by the 1980s, there were two competing definitions of the word "Wicca" in use among the Pagan and esoteric communities, one broad and inclusive, the other smaller and exclusionary. [11] Academics like Wouter Hanegraaff and Tanya Luhrmann have categorised Wicca as part of the New Age, although other academics, and many Wiccans themselves, dispute this categorisation. Los símbolos Wicca para protección también son muy variados. [17][a] For instance, Gerald Gardner—the man regarded as the "Father of Wicca"—referred to it as the "Craft of the Wise", "witchcraft", and "the witch-cult" during the 1950s. Otros brujos que en estas décadas de 1950-1960 decían también –falsamente- ser iniciados y sucesores de las líneas de brujos y brujas antiguos y tradicionales, son Robert Cochrane, Sybil Leek, Charles Cardell, Raymond Howard o Rolla Nordic, modelando entre todos lo que será la Wicca que se estaba constituyendo. These deities may be regarded in a henotheistic way, as having many different divine aspects which can in turn be identified with many diverse pagan deities from different historical pantheons. [citation needed] During the 1980s, Viviane Crowley, an initiate of both the Gardnerian and Alexandrian traditions, merged the two. In Valiente's poem, they are ordered in pairs of complementary opposites, reflecting a dualism that is common throughout Wiccan philosophy. La Rueda Anual de celebraciones de la Wicca engloba las festividades del año solar y lunar al completo con las 8 fiestas sabbats solares y las 13 fiestas esbats de las lunas llenas. [36], Theological views within Wicca are diverse. Hay además influencia del folclorismo inglés, grupos rosacruces, masones y ocultistas, como la Golden Dawn, o de autores como Aleister Crowley, Charles G. Leland, y obras como las de Margaret Murray o James Frazer. Scholars of religion categorise it as both a new religious movement and as part of the occultist stream of Western esotericism. Several academics have also categorised Wicca as a form of nature religion, a term that is also embraced by many of its practitioners,[8] and as a mystery religion. Según M. Murray se seguían reuniendo en «covens» (aquelarres o círculos) durante las lunaciones y en los ciclos estacionales principales, donde se comía y bebía, se danzaba, se daba rienda suelta a la sexualidad entre los miembros, dando así culto al dios cornudo que presidía el “coven”. Como usted puede imaginar, detrás de estos números se esconde un esfuerzo muy grande. La Wicca incluye la realización de rituales y ritos en los que se recurre a dioses y diosas ancestrales o la propia naturaleza siempre y cuando se les soliciten buenos deseos que no perjudiquen a una segunda persona. Robin Briggs, «Witches and Neighbors». [188] She is the original high priestess of Coven Celeste. [187] It was also around this time that books teaching people how to become Witches themselves without formal initiation or training began to emerge, among them Paul Huson's Mastering Witchcraft (1970) and Lady Sheba's Book of Shadows (1971). Wicca cree en la magia, que considera como realización del deseo humano y que maneja y controla las fuerzas desconocidas de la naturaleza. Subsequently, when Wicca was first developing in the 1930s through to the 1960s, many of the early groups, such as Robert Cochrane's Clan of Tubal Cain and Gerald Gardner's Bricket Wood coven adopted the commemoration of these four Sabbats as described by Murray. [175], The notion of the survival of Wiccan traditions and rituals from ancient sources is contested by most recent researchers, who suggest that Wicca is a 20th-century creation which combines elements of freemasonry and 19th-century occultism. Similar books continued to be published throughout the 1980s and 1990s, fuelled by the writings of such authors as Doreen Valiente, Janet Farrar, Stewart Farrar, and Scott Cunningham, who popularised the idea of self-initiation into the Craft. [62] Understandings of what this soul constitutes vary among different traditions, with Feri Wicca, for instance, having adopted a belief from Hawaiian religion that the human being has three souls. [40], Most early Wiccan groups adhered to the duotheistic worship of a Horned God of fertility and a Mother Goddess, with practitioners typically believing that these had been the ancient deities worshipped by the hunter-gatherers of the Old Stone Age, whose veneration had been passed down in secret right to the present. Uno de ellos era el ocultista Gerald Brosseau Gardner (1884-1964). Los “covens”, o grupos Wicca, son dirigidos por un sacerdote y una sacerdotisa. Ella es diosa Madre, y él es el Cernunnos celta o dios cornudo. Este pretende ser su origen. The Wiccan writers Janet Farrar and Gavin Bone have postulated that Wicca is becoming more polytheistic as it matures, tending to embrace a more traditionally pagan worldview. [128] The first known Wiccan wedding ceremony took part in 1960 amongst the Bricket Wood coven, between Frederic Lamond and his first wife, Gillian. It is also at this ceremony that they are given their craft name. [127] Subsequent, more overtly pagan self-initiation rituals have since been published in books designed for solitary Wiccans by authors like Doreen Valiente, Scott Cunningham and Silver RavenWolf. In response to the way that Wicca was increasingly portrayed as trendy, eclectic, and influenced by the New Age movement, many Witches turned to the pre-Gardnerian origins of the Craft, and to the traditions of his rivals like Cardell and Cochrane, describing themselves as following "traditional witchcraft". In the U.S., Victor Anderson, Cora Anderson, and Gwydion Pendderwen established Feri Wicca. [59] Occasionally the leaders of a coven are only second-degree initiates, in which case they come under the rule of the parent coven. Many Wiccans agree with the definition of magic offered by ceremonial magicians,[65] such as Aleister Crowley, who declared that magic was "the science and art of causing change to occur in conformity with will", while another prominent ceremonial magician, MacGregor Mathers stated that it was "the science of the control of the secret forces of nature". [140] Indeed, many U.S. covens are far smaller, though the membership may be augmented by unaffiliated Wiccans at "open" rituals. Similar in use to the grimoires of ceremonial magicians,[131] the Book contained instructions for how to perform rituals and spells, as well as religious poetry and chants like Eko Eko Azarak to use in those rituals. Jacqueline Simpson (1994). Handfasting is another celebration held by Wiccans, and is the commonly used term for their weddings. [19] On the basis of her experience, Pearson concurred that this was broadly true. Among witches in Canada, anthropologist Dr. Heather Botting (nee Harden) of the University of Victoria has been one of the most prominent, having been the first recognized Wiccan chaplain of a public university. Hoy en día, la palabra 'wicca' suele ser empleada para describir una gama muy amplia de prácticas Paganas o neopaganas, sin embargo estas no tienen relación con la línea original, la cual emplea… [64] There is also a common Wiccan belief that any Witches will come to be reincarnated as future Witches, an idea originally expressed by Gardner. [180][181] Many notable figures of early Wicca were direct initiates of this coven, including Dafo, Doreen Valiente, Jack Bracelin, Frederic Lamond, Dayonis, Eleanor Bone, and Lois Bourne. The five elements are symbolised by the five points of the pentagram, the most prominently used symbol of Wicca. He claimed to have been initiated into a witches' coven in New Forest, Hampshire, in the late 1930s. [142] Some organise courses and workshops through which prospective members can come along and be assessed. Some accept the view espoused by the occultist Dion Fortune that "all gods are one god, and all goddesses are one goddess" – that is that the gods and goddesses of all cultures are, respectively, aspects of one supernal God and Goddess. A common marriage vow in Wicca is "for as long as love lasts" instead of the traditional Christian "till death do us part". These include Cochrane's Craft and the 1734 Tradition, both of which trace their origins to Robert Cochrane; Feri, which traces itself back to Victor Anderson and Gwydion Pendderwen; and Dianic Wicca, whose followers often trace their influences back to Zsuzsanna Budapest. [167], Other influences upon early Wicca included various Western esoteric traditions and practices, among them ceremonial magic, Aleister Crowley and his religion of Thelema, Freemasonry, Spiritualism, and Theosophy. La wicca es una religión que se rige por una regla ética: "no hacer daño". Es para eso que murió en la Cruz y estableció Su Iglesia, la cual se llama Católica (Católica = Universal). [156], In 1998, the Wiccan high priestess and academic psychologist Vivianne Crowley suggested that Wicca had been less successful in propagating in countries whose populations were primarily Roman Catholic. Mucho menos Wicca es satanismo en cualquiera de sus formas. Incluso otros seguidores de la Wicca no creen en la realidad de las divinidades, pues para ellos sólo son arquetipos, al estilo de Carl G. Jung. An elective identification with the image of the witch during the time of the persecutions is commonly regarded as part of the reclamation of female power, a myth that is used by modern feminist witches as an aid in their struggle for freedom from patriarchal oppression.". [60] In many cases these spirits are associated with the natural world, for instance as genius loci, fairies, and elementals. El pentáculo o estrella de cinco puntas de la Wicca es un elemento fundamental de esta religión. However, Wiccans have encountered opposition from some politicians and Christian organisations,[211][212] including former president of the United States George W. Bush, who stated that he did not believe Wicca to be a religion. According to Gerald Gardner's account in Witchcraft Today and The Meaning of Witchcraft, Wicca is the survival of a European witch-cult that was persecuted during the witch trials. [citation needed], During the 1970s, a new generation joined Wicca who had been influenced by the counterculture of the 1960s. [47] According to the anthropologist Susan Greenwood, in Wicca the Goddess is "a symbol of self-transformation - she is seen to be constantly changing and a force for change for those who open themselves up to her. La Wicca es una religión más del Neopaganismo, si bien la originaria y la más numerosa. [citation needed], In British Traditional Wicca, "sex complementarity is a basic and fundamental working principle", with men and women being seen as a necessary presence to balance each other out. Download Full PDF Package. Wicca has also been "customized" to the various national contexts into which it has been introduced; for instance, in Ireland, the veneration of ancient Irish deities has been incorporated into Wicca. [80], Many rituals within Wicca are used when celebrating the Sabbats, worshipping the deities, and working magic. The idea that covens should have 13 members was developed by Murray, based on a single witness statement from one of the witch trials, as was her assertion that covens met on the cross-quarter days four times per year. [183][184] Gardner's tradition, later termed Gardnerianism, soon became the dominant form in England and spread to other parts of the British Isles. Las ‘iglesias’ wicca. La Wicca es brujería, pero no es la brujería medieval europea; no es la magia negra (uso de muertos o espíritus, recurso a demonios, realización de hechizos y conjuros para causar daño); ni tampoco es la magia natural (propiedades ocultas de plantas, piedras, palabras, talismanes…) de esa época, ni de la Antigüedad, ya sea de Grecia, Roma o Egipto en los siglos previos y posteriores a la aparición del Cristianismo, si bien no puede verse totalmente ajena a algunos elementos de ella. [62] Understandings of how the cycle of reincarnation operates differ among practitioners; the prominent Wiccan Raymond Buckland for instance insisted that human souls would only incarnate into human bodies, whereas other Wiccans believe that a human soul can incarnate into any life form. [115] This has served both to escape the tabloid sensationalism that has targeted the religion since the 1950s and the concerns surrounding the Satanic ritual abuse hysteria in the 1980s and 1990s. Wicca draws upon a diverse set of ancient pagan and 20th-century hermetic motifs for its theological structure and ritual practices. ¿Cuál sería la definición de Wicca? [51] This belief has been endorsed by other prominent practitioners, who have referred to it as "the Cosmic Logos", "Supreme Cosmic Power", or "Godhead". "[103] Similarly, Adler stated that Wicca permits "total skepticism about even its own methods, myths and rituals". “Wicca” (masculino) y “Wicce” (femenino) son precedentes etimológicos de “Witch”, (brujo/a) en inglés. Para decir que Wicca lo es todo, también puedes decir que Wicca no es nada … nada más que una frase pegada a todos para “puntos geniales”. No se conoce claramente cuántos seguidores Wicca puede haber, por la inexistencia de fieles estudios estadísticos, si bien en su mayoría son anglosajones. [61], Belief in the afterlife varies among Wiccans and does not occupy a central place within the religion. Download PDF. [138], The actual number of Wiccans worldwide is unknown, and it has been noted that it is more difficult to establish the numbers of members of Neopagan faiths than many other religions due to their disorganised structure. [79] Practitioners typically present themselves as "a positive force against the powers of destruction which threaten the world". Cunningham Scott Que es la Wicca. "[58] Hasta donde se ha certificado y demostrado los grupos más antiguos son de la década de 1930, con influencias folclóricas, romanticismo, teosofía, mitología, druidismo y magia. [210] Pearson similarly noted that "popular and media perceptions of Wicca have often been misleading". [20] There is no evidence that he ever called it "Wicca", although he did refer to the collective community of Pagan Witches as "the Wica" (with one c). Eclectic approaches to Wicca often draw on Earth religion and ancient Egyptian, Greek, Saxon, Anglo-Saxon, Celtic, Asian, Jewish, and Polynesian traditions. For example, many of the confessions included the idea that Satan was personally present at coven meetings. Es una religión que nace de tradiciones paganas y herméticas en Inglaterra. [150] This less formal but more accessible form of Wicca proved successful. Often these take place on a full moon, or in some cases a new moon, which is known as an Esbat. [204] In 2014, the Pew Research Center estimated 0.3% of the US population (~950,000 people) identified as Wiccan or Pagan based on a sample size of 35,000. [96], Traditionally in the Gardnerian Craft, each element has been associated with a cardinal point of the compass; air with east, fire with south, water with west, earth with north, and the spirit with centre. [148], Various high priestesses and high priests have reported being "put on a pedestal" by new initiates, only to have those students later "kick away" the pedestal as they develop their own knowledge and experience of Wicca. These eclectic Wiccans each create their own syncretic spiritual paths by adopting and reinventing the beliefs and rituals of a variety of religious traditions connected to Wicca and broader Paganism. It was developed in England during the first half of the 20th century and was introduced to the public in 1954 by Gerald Gardner, a retired British civil servant. [124][125], According to new-age religious scholar James R. Lewis, in his book Witchcraft today: an encyclopaedia of Wiccan and neopagan traditions, a high priestess becomes a queen when she has successfully hived off her first new coven under a new third-degree high priestess (in the orthodox Gardnerian system). These two deities are sometimes viewed as facets of a greater pantheistic divinity, which is regarded as an impersonal force or process rather than a personal deity. Wicca , also termed Pagan Witchcraft, is a modern Pagan religion. [111], One of Wicca's best known liturgical texts is "The Charge of the Goddess". "Wicca as Nature Religion". A partir de ahí pueden buscar si hay algún grupo en el que se sientan bien. The Witchcraft religion became more prominent beginning in 1951, with the repeal of the Witchcraft Act of 1735, after which Gerald Gardner and then others such as Charles Cardell and Cecil Williamson began publicising their own versions of the Craft. The names of these holidays that are commonly used today are often taken from Germanic pagan holidays. [219], This article is about the duotheistic religion. [10] Wicca is also a form of Western esotericism, and more specifically a part of the esoteric current known as occultism. [12], Although recognised as a religion by academics, some evangelical Christians have attempted to deny it legal recognition as such, while some Wiccan practitioners themselves eschew the term "religion" – associating the latter purely with organised religion – instead favouring "spirituality" or "way of life". Wiccan celebrations encompass both the cycles of the Moon, known as Esbats and commonly associated with the Goddess (female deity), and the cycles of the Sun, seasonally based festivals known as Sabbats and commonly associated with the Horned God (male deity). [215] In, Magliocco, Sabina. [88] She saw these rituals as "a healing space away from the ills of the wider culture", one in which female practitioners can "redefine and empower themselves. [144] Pearson noted that covens typically contained between five and ten initiates. In accordance with the importance put on free will in Wicca, the child is not expected or required to adhere to Wicca or other forms of paganism should they not wish to do so when they reach adulthood.[129]. A more strictly polytheistic approach holds the various goddesses and gods to be separate and distinct entities in their own right.

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