an example of reduction in animal research is:

Thus, for example, mechanisms approaches are another way to treat the heterogeneity of explanation (including reductive and non-reductive aspects), which was largely ignored in the literature on theory reduction, which assumed that a few select examples from biological research were representative. Reduction . Through improved research or production strategies, aimed at better quality, consistency and safety, reduction in the number of animals used can be substantial. Transparent and accurate reporting is vital to this process; it allows readers to assess the reliability of the findings and repeat or build upon the work of other researchers. Animal carer: any person involved in the care of animals that are used for scientific purposes, including during their acquisition, transport, breeding, housing and husbandry. Their mission is to use the principles of replacement, refinement and reduction to support scientific discovery, and address societal concerns about animal research. Animal research is a very controversial topic that has been generating heated arguments and debates all around the world over the past few decades. Each laboratory ... An example of sharps reduction is replacing a regular needle used to disperse clumped cells with a blunt end/tip needle. 2000; Pretzel et al. This includes better housing and improvements to procedures which minimise pain and suffering and/or improve animal welfare. Refinement also refers to methods used to improve animal welfare such as their housing. Reduction. This potentially limits or avoids the subsequent use of additional animals although it is important that this be done without further compromising any individual animal’s lifetime welfare. The Three Rs of animal testing refers to the principles of replacement, reduction, … It aims to contribute to the development of new methods to … Examples of Reduction Computational modelling of molecular and cellular processes allows to us to reduce the numbers of animals used in research. 2009). The National Centre for the Replacement, Refinement & Reduction of Animals in Research (NC3Rs) has made a major contribution. 2009). The Three Rs (3Rs) in relation to science are guiding principles for more ethical use of animals in testing.They were first described by W. M. S. Russell and R. L. Burch in 1959. To use the minimum number of animals in an experiment or in an overall research study. Sharps reduction. For example, developments in three-dimensional tissue modelling show promise for in vitro drug evaluation, including in anti-inflammation research (Peck and Wang 2013), and in vitro cultures of bovine and human chondrocytes and cartilage discs are already used to investigate mechanisms of cartilage destruction in RA (Neidhart et al. 95% of animals used in research are rats and mice, 1/2% are monkeys, and only 4% are made up of other species (dogs, cats, fish, etc.) Information from animal research has been and remains fundamental to our understanding of how the systems of the body function (or malfunction) and interact in an intact organism, for example the control of the blood supply necessary for functioning of nerve cells in the brain, or how eating behaviour leads to changes in fat or sugar handling and obesity; Intervene to remove an animal from a study, sometimes by euthanizing an animal Due to a variety of factors, including the increase in nonanimal adjunct testing and the refinement of laboratory animal medicine, there are fewer animals used for many research … The current consensus is that the use of animals in research is justified only if there are clear benefits for human and animal health. Some of the species in this class climb up plants or go to shaded regions to aestivate. Performing or sponsoring research into alternatives to animal use for research and testing. Refinement. Around half the diseases in the world have no treatment. Improving the reproducibility of biomedical research is a major challenge. Refinement . It was emphasized the need of improvement in animal research. For example, taking repeated samples from one animal throughout a process (if this does not increase the animal’s suffering) rather than euthanising a series of animals at different stages of the process. There is overwhelming scientific consensus worldwide that some research using animals is still essential for medical progress.Animal research … The current, widely established 3R framework for the ethical use of animals in research consists of three guiding principles, that is, Replacement, Reduction and Refinement, all aiming to safeguard the overarching ethical principle of animal welfare.However, animal welfare alone does not suffice to make animal research ethical if the research does not have sufficient scientific … This reduction is more consistent and striking when comparing species. For example, instead of classify the results of serum glucose in diabetic (above 120 mg/dL) and non-diabetic (below 120 mg/dL) animals (categorical variable), the investigator should compare among the groups the means of the crude data. These types of animal are commonly found in places with crop trees or bushy and forested areas. Animal research can be a costly business, so lack of provision of humane conditions can also lead to major financial losses. Abstract. The reduction in HbA 1C from 11.1% to 6.3% in 3 months is much better than would be expected with monotherapy with metformin6 or daily exercise.7 The improvement in blood pressure observed over a 4-month period with few medications is also rarely encountered in clinical practice and is likely related to a low-sodium diet and the avoidance of red meat. Introduction. Understanding how the body works and how diseases progress, and finding cures, vaccines or treatments, can take many years of painstaking work using a wide range of research techniques. the Animal Health & Veterinary Laboratories Agency (AHVLA), the Food & Environment Research Agency (Fera), the Centre for Environment, Fisheries & Aquaculture Science (Cefas) and the Health & Safety Executive (HSE). Endpoint criteria describe when it is time to do what? Animal research raises dilemmas not only for scientists that use animals as part of their research projects, but also for society as a whole. Most of these groups don’t just support animal welfare, but they demand a ban on any kind of use of animals in research. The ARRIVE guidelines (Animal Research… Refinement not only benefits animals, but can also improve the quality of research findings by reducing the level of stress in animals. Dimensionality reduction (DR) is frequently applied during the analysis of high-dimensional data. ... many of the techniques and devices are the same as those used in the animal research … Making the connections among animal studies, scientific progress, and advances in human health is the critical foundation for public understanding of why animal research is valuable. In 2013, NC3Rs awarded over £8.2 million to 3Rs projects investigating ways to reduce the numbers of animals used in research, or to improve the welfare of those currently used. Recently, there appears to be an overwhelming growth in animal right groups all over the world. For each item, decide whether it is an example of replacement, reduction or refinement, then continue to our feedback. Refine the way experiments are carried out, to make sure animals suffer as little as possible. Harlow’s work also provides a classic example of how readily animal research can attract negative public sentiment and misrepresentation. Reduction refers to any strategy that results in fewer animals being used to obtain sufficient data to answer a research question while maximizing the information obtained per animal. Reducing the number of animals used in an experiment can result from a change in experimental design and analysis such that the same amount of information is obtained from the study despite a reduction in the animal-level sample size (i.e., a researcher is able to provide as good, or better, an answer to his or her research question even though fewer animals are being … Reduction involves minimising the number of animals used through efficient experiment design. Medical-scientific research aims to contribute to the improvement of health care. Both a means of denoising and simplification, it can be beneficial for the majority of modern biological datasets, in which it’s not uncommon to have hundreds or even millions of simultaneous measurements collected for a single sample. Refinement of research techniques to reduce discomfort, distress or pain for the animals being studied. A revised definition of reduction is proposed, which does not include the level of information needed, as in some cases reduction in the number of animals resulting in less information or data, is still acceptable. IACUC Animal Certification Test 3 Reasons why a given species is particularly appropriate may include The presence of previous work in the literature that validates the use of a particular species in an animal model of a human or animal disease. Many Replacement technologies achieve greater consistency and accuracy, give rapid results and are generally less expensive than using animals. This includes both making initial discoveries ‘in silico’ and thereby reducing the involvement of animals in research until results need to be validated in a living system, and replacing the use of animals entirely. Substitutes for animal models will likely have the most immediate effect in the area of toxicity testing, because toxicity studies have very clearly defined endpoints, says Anthony Holmes, director of science and technology at the National Centre for the Replacement, Refinement, & Reduction of Animals in Research. The 3Rs are: Replacement: methods which avoid or replace the use of animals in research; Reduction: use of methods that enable researchers to obtain comparable levels of information from fewer … For example, a systematic review of animal experiments conducted in publicly funded research establishments in the United Kingdom and United States revealed that only a few authors reported using randomization (13%) or blinding (14%) to avoid bias in animal selection and outcome assessment (Kilkenny et al. This is the application of different methods to lessen suffering, pain, lasting harm that may be experienced by research animal.

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