what was the purpose of the southern manifesto?

It is destroying the amicable relations between the white and Negro races that have been created through 90 years of patient effort by the good people of both races. But we should not permit this crucial date to pass unacknowledged, because doing so invites the comforting delusion that the mind-set supporting the manifesto has been banished from polite society. What was the purpose of the Southern Manifesto? Southern blacks did not suffer this violation of their rights silently, however. Learn about the origins, strategies, and unfinished business of the Civil Rights Movement in the United States. Some African Americans were also concerned about the presence of so many northern middle-class whites in the movement. i think it achieved what it wanted to do initially in getting african americans more rights than they had. ", "This unwarranted exercise of power by the Court, contrary to the Constitution, is creating chaos and confusion in the States principally affected. . Southern congressmen issued a "Southern Manifesto" denouncing the Court's ruling. The Southern Manifesto, Day shows in a clear and concise fashion, provided not only an underpinning for legal opposition to the Supreme Court's Brown v. Board decision, it also energized southern whites at the grassroots level to suppress civil rights advances, effectively killed racially moderate politics in the South, and substantially . School officials canceled spring sports and the senior prom. How do the authors of this document refer to the decision in the, Why do the authors of this document believe that the decision in the case of. it drew ideas of. We equip students and teachers to live the ideals of a free and just society. Officially entitled A Declaration of Constitutional Principles, it is now known as the Southern Manifesto. , ted States refused to support the Nationalists Opinion: Who gets to be an L.A. To condemn the Brown decision and declare an intention of Southern . The Bill of Rights Institute teaches civics. 1. The passage of the Voting Rights Act of 1965 marked a turning point in the civil rights movement. Direct link to gliu20's post There were three civil ri, Posted 2 years ago. Smith often shuttered committee operations by retreating to his rural farm to avoid deliberations on pending reform bills. The purpose was to show the nation the face of southern racism and desegregate downtown stores. Three Democratic Senators from Southern states did not sign: The following Democratic Representatives from Southern states also did not sign: This refusal earned them the enmity for a time of their colleagues who signed. Brown v. Board of Education's 60th Anniversary Stirs History. As a result of what happened to her what did African Americans do? Instead, it was mostly a states' rights attack against the judicial branch for overstepping its role. Only southern schools challenged desegregation plans in the courts. The Selma to Montgomery National Historic Trail was established by Congress in 1996 to commemorate the events, people, and route of the 1965 Voting Rights March in Alabama. White property owners used the extra cash to spend on private schools, and the school system made no efforts to educate its African American children. It pledged them to use all possible lawful means to resist the Supreme Court's decision outlawing . The Southern Manifesto intensified state measures that used "choice" to provide tuition grants for white students to attend segregated private schools (known as "segregation academies"), to authorize school boards to assign students to schools based on race, and to punish public schools that accepted black students by withholding state funds. [2], "Massive resistance" to federal court orders requiring school integration was already being practiced across the South, and was not caused by the Manifesto. The Manifestos authors also raised the issue of states rights. Manifestos are not merely devices to harvest votes at election time. It seemed to MLK that only when violence and disorder got out of hand would the federal government intervene. Thurmond and others revised Smiths draft to appeal to more moderate voices in the South. When I recall decisions made by my hometowns school boardwhere to place new schools, implementation of token integration of teachers and students in a few schools, legal resistance to busing for desegregation, closing schools in predominantly Black neighborhoods, and busing those students to predominantly white schoolsI see evidence of deliberation but not speedy action. The decision, they claimed, was an encroachment on the rights reserved to the states and to the people, contrary to established law, and to the Constitution.Nineteen United States Senators and eighty-two members of the House of Representatives signed the Manifesto, but a few notable southern congressmen did not. SCLC involved children in the protests, taking them out of school to add more bodies to the movement. It made all its important decisions as a group, and conceived Freedom Summer as a grass-roots movement of people rising up to seize control of their own destinies. Step 2. Why. In its 1954 Brown v.Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas decision, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that racial segregation in public education was a violation of the Fourteenth Amendment to the Constitution.As school districts across the South sought various ways to respond to the court's ruling, Little Rock (Pulaski County) Central High School became a national and international symbol of . The Manifesto argued that the courts ruling abused its power because it substituted personal political opinion for the amendment process. Let x represent the score of a single contestant playing "The Showcase Showdown." Virginia and other states resurrected the doctrine of interposition, and Georgia threatened nullification. Do you believe in the inalienable right of self-preservation of the people against the exercise of arbitrary and unlicensed power? The American Civil War took place in the 1860s for the purpose of abolishing slavery in the nation. Rather than invoke incendiary racial rhetoric typically used by even the most refined proponents of segregation, the document consists mainly of measured legal arguments contending that the Supreme Court erred in Brown. In response to southern opposition, the court revisited Brown in the case of Cooper v. Aaron, 1958; however, in that case, the justices reaffirmed their decision in Brown. How did the world change after the Civil Rights Movement? The day Republicans filed the Civil Rights Act, Southern Democrats wrote a rebuttal named "The Southern Manifesto." This was a show of unity against Eisenhower and the Republicans attempts to enforce desegregation. How does this documents message encourage state resistance to integration. After fighting in the name of democracy in other countries around the world, many. By the early 1960s, a man named Malcolm X had become a symbol of the black power. B: farm workers Sets with similar terms. TheBrowndecision could only disrupt those amicable relations.. We regard the decision of the Supreme Court in the school cases as clear abuse of judicial power. What happened between June and October 1964? Direct link to David Alexander's post People "were" racist at t, Posted 4 years ago. Of course they were also fighting for others. It was here that MLK delivered a powerful speech outlining his dream of freedom and equality for all. She has a family who loves and supports her, a community who embraces her, and a successful horse rescue ranch. what else besides weapons was stopping blacks from fighting back against the whites? The day after theBrowndecision was announced, the Greensboro school board voted 6-1 to support the courts decision, although they did not begin to integrate Greensboro schools until the 1957-58 school year. [1] Ninety-nine were Democrats; two were Republicans. At a national level, Congress and the Department of Justice played a critical role in following through on the Brown ruling post-1954. In many southern States, signing was much more common than not signing, with signatories including the entire delegations from Alabama, Arkansas, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, South Carolina, and Virginia. The open, global internet is the most powerful communication and collaboration resource we have ever seen. She was arrested. Contestants spin the wheel once or twice, with the objective of obtaining the highest total score without going over a dollar (100). There were seven Republican Representatives from former Confederate states. Although both programs enjoyed broad local support, the court reasoned that taking students race into account to promote school integration nevertheless violated the Equal Protection Clause. 200200200900nm900\mathrm{~nm}900nm Who was Medger Evers and what happened to him? Senator J. William Fulbright of Arkansas had worked behind the scenes to tone down the original harsh draft. The goal of full social, economic, and political equality still has not been reached. Responses Allegations of police brutality had served as the catalyst of this uprising. They postponed classes for a week and moved graduation to a week-day afternoon to avoid more violence. D. communists had the support of the peasants, Which group of individuals were most vulnerable to Mao Zedongs attacks during the Cultural Revolution? Local school systems know best how to educate their children without interference from federal courts. C. To condemn the Brown decision and declare an intention of Southern governments to oppose integration, This site is using cookies under cookie policy . 2. support campaign resistance. "The purpose of our direct . Follow the Opinion section on Twitter @latimesopinion and Facebook, Do Not Sell or Share My Personal Information. Which created? Seeking to thwart school integration in the South, the document's 101 signers put forward a state's rights ideology that still plays out in today's school choice debates, though not in the way you might expect. There was also the Voting Rights Act of 1965. South members of Congress, politicians, supreme courts. B. nationalist KMT had suffered massive casualties during WW2 by japan The Communist Manifesto embodies the authors' materialistic conception of history ("The history of all hitherto existing society is the history of class struggles"), and it surveys that history from the age of feudalism down to 19th-century capitalism, which was destined, they declared, to be overthrown and replaced by a workers' society. The term "massive resistance" in the context of the 1950s through the 1970s in the South refers to By Amanda Bryan. The original Southern Manifesto was signed in March, 1956, by 101 Southern members of Congress. [1] The manifesto was signed by 19 US Senators and 82 Representatives from the South. The idea for writing my manifesto was sparked by a blog post (about manifestos), written by Sharon Tanton. 10. in the United States Congress, in opposition to racial integration of public places also to denounce supreme courts ruling of Brown v. Board of Education as a clear abuse of judicial power and determined that segregation of public schools was unconstitutional, John Lund, Paul S. Vickery, P. Scott Corbett, Todd Pfannestiel, Volker Janssen, Eric Hinderaker, James A. Henretta, Rebecca Edwards, Robert O. Self, MGMT 400 - Chapter 5 slides - Chapter 5 key t. Direct link to jalyn.hyman's post what else besides weapons, Posted 3 years ago. At the same time the army, Okhrana and other groups were used to suppress revolutionary groups. School segregation laws were some of the most enduring and best-known of the Jim Crow laws that characterized the Southern United States at the time. For having, upon specious pretenses of public works, raised great unjust taxes upon the commonalty for the advancement of private favorites and other sinister ends, but no visible effects in any measure adequate; for not having, during this long time of his government, in any measure advanced this hopeful colony either by fortifications, towns, or trade. A campaign of " Massive Resistance " by whites emerged in the South to oppose the Supreme Court's ruling that public schools be desegregated in Brown v. Board (1954). . Explanation: edge 21. [3], The Southern Manifesto accused the Supreme Court of "clear abuse of judicial power" and promised to use "all lawful means to bring about a reversal of this decision which is contrary to the Constitution and to prevent the use of force in its implementation. Here's what an analysis of its manifesto shows. A recent example is Louisiana's statewide Scholarship Program, established to allow mostly black, low-income students attend a private school if assigned to one of the state's lowest-performing public schools. As numerous manifesto backers explained, the document was designed to transmit Southern opposition to Brown directly to citizens outside the old Confederacy. Circle each object complement. . The resolution called the decision a clear example of judicial overreach and encouraged states to lawfully resist mandates that stemmed from the decision. Not Hollywood, not L.A., not the country, At 19, he won a local school board seat. Opinion: How could a 21-year-old leak national security data without the Pentagon knowing? That opinion, the manifesto insisted, contravened the Constitutions text (which does not mention education), principles of federalism, the original understanding of the 14th Amendments Equal Protection Clause, and a series of long-standing judicial precedents permitting segregated schools. Answer: The main purpose of the southern Manifesto was to oppose the supreme court ruling on Brown vs board of education case . Although the Southern Manifesto may seem utterly disconnected from current racial realities, arguments marshaled by its drafters presaged recent developments in the Supreme Courts constitutional doctrine. Label each direct object D.O. A manifesto is a published declaration of the intentions, motives, or views of the issuer, be it an individual, group, political party or government. Freedom Summer, also known as the the Mississippi Summer Project, was a 1964 voter registration drive sponsored by civil rights organizations. Chapter 29 History Review. The Brown decision fueled violent resistance during which Southern states evaded the law. It was titled "I have a Dream". The most considered statement of segregationist constitutional theory was the declaration against integration made by ninety-six southern congressmen . But I was thinking about the Southern Manifesto and the fact that the Senator was one, I believe, of three Southern senators who failed to . Now nearly every day journalists report and politicians debate issues involving states rights, from abortion laws to gun rights to vaccine mandates. Did civil rights activists achieve all of the goals of the movement? Francos teacher was far from the only southerner to protest theBrowndecision. Today, this anemic reading of Brown is the law of the land. What was LBJ's reaction and what did he do as a result? In the 1960s, when it became clear that the Supreme Court would not reverse Brown, Southern Manifesto signatories shifted strategies from condemning the opinion to embracing their neutered version of it. What did the Southern Manifesto encourage? the long term goals continue to be a fight even in todays society. Make your investment into the leaders of tomorrow through the Bill of Rights Institute today! On March 12, 1956, the majority of Southern senators and congressmen joined forces in Washington, D.C., to publicize the Declaration of Constitutional Principles. Now known by its more evocative label, the Southern Manifesto, this statement denounced the Supreme Courts unanimous decision in Brown vs. Board of Education, which two years earlier had invalidated racial segregation in public schools. 1956: The Southern Manifesto. Inevitably, theBrowndecision made public schools a battleground in the struggle for full racial equality, from Little Rock Central High School in 1957 to the streets of Boston during the school busing crisis of the 1970-80s. 206 commissioners. In 2007, the Supreme Court in a 5-4 decision invalidated school integration programs in Louisville, Ky., and Seattle. The Southern Manifesto. The Plainest Demands of Justice: Documents for Dialogue on the African American Experience, Lesson 5: Continuing the Heroic Struggle for Equality The Civil Rights Movement, Life, Liberty, and the Pursuit of Happiness, https://content.csbs.utah.edu/~dlevin/federalism/southern_manifesto.html, African American History, Court Cases, Supreme Court, I can interpret primary sources related to Founding principles of liberty, equality, and justice in the civil rights movement. We decry [to declare wrong] the Supreme Courts encroachments on rights reserved to the states and to the people, contrary to established law and to the Constitution. Opinion: U.S.-China tensions are feeding a new wave of anti-Asian hate, The actor, the hairstylist and the eye surgeon: Drugs and death in a Malibu beach house, Have guests in town? I recognize changing names on federal buildings is just one . this was a document/Manifesto that condemned the Ruling of the supreme court judgement on Brown vs Board of education, the ruling brought about the Racial . The Patriot Front has been designated as a white nationalist hate group by the Southern Poverty Law Center. Language links are at the top of the page across from the title. Black Lives Matter has delivered a ten-point manifesto of what they want. Despite the courts orderin a subsequent decision known asBrown IIthat desegregation must proceed with all deliberate speed, Virginia Senator Harry F. Byrd called for immediate Massive Resistance to school desegregation. . (April 18, 2023), Office of the HistorianOffice of Art and Archives In fact, some of it makes a . The 87-kilometer (54-mile) stretch between Selma and Montgomery, Alabama is an historic route designated by the National Parks Service. The effects of the Soviet Union's launching of Sputnik included all of the following EXCEPT _____. Yet I did not attend an integrated school until my senior year in high school. One of its most influential proponents was Malcolm X, born Malcolm Little, who advocated black self-reliance, cultural pride, and self-defense in the face of racial violence. The ruling established the "separate but equal" doctrine. It enables new opportunities for learning, building a sense of shared humanity, and solving the pressing problems . 265. The Montgomery bus boycott began a campaign of nonviolent civil disobedience to protest segregation that attracted national and international attention. City-states began giving Athens tribute money to pay back war debt. The whole point of the civil rights movement was to stop discrimination. Prior to passing the act, Southern congressmen signed the "Southern Manifesto" to resist racial integration by all "lawful means," states the Library of Congress' exhibit, "The Civil . It climaxes a trend in the Federal judiciary undertaking to legislate, in derogation [belittling] of the authority of Congress, and to encroach upon the reserved rights of the states and the people. When I read the Supreme Courts decision inBrown IIgranting public schools permission to proceed with all deliberate speed in my Constitutional Law undergraduate class I wondered ifBrown IIgave some legal cover for tactics that delayed desegregation? We pledge ourselves to use all lawful means to bring about a reversal of this decision which is contrary to the Constitution and to prevent the use of force in its implementation. Institutions/agreements of economic globaliza, Operations Management: Sustainability and Supply Chain Management, John David Jackson, Patricia Meglich, Robert Mathis, Sean Valentine, Anderson's Business Law and the Legal Environment, Comprehensive Volume, David Twomey, Marianne Jennings, Stephanie Greene, Keshav Jwalapuram - Unit 3 completing the sen. 1957: Executive Order 10730: Desegregation of Central High School. Nicholas Goldberg: Instead of imposing a travel ban on anti-LGBTQ states, California should engage. This interpretation aimed to fill the void created by the courts notoriously vague remedial opinion from 1955 that ordered desegregation to unfold with all deliberate speed.. Direct link to jonathan001's post why people was racist at , Posted 2 years ago. In an interview with historian Jason Sokol, Atlanta doctor Richard Franco described a harsh lesson his high school English teacher taught him. The, As a response to the continued power of whites, both within and outside of the movement, a more militant variety of civil rights activism emerged. . African Americans continue to be incarcerated at a rate greatly disproportionate to their percentage of the population. Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, "Southern Manifesto on Integration (March 12, 1956)", "The Southern Manifesto: A Doctrine of Resistance 60 Years Later", Manifesto text and signers from the Congressional Record, 102 Congressional Record (Bound) - Volume 102, Part 4 (March 12, 1956), https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Southern_Manifesto&oldid=1150373141, All Wikipedia articles written in American English, Articles with unsourced statements from August 2022, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, "The unwarranted decision of the Supreme Court in the public school cases is now bearing the fruit always produced when men substitute naked power for established law. States resurrected the doctrine of interposition, and a successful horse rescue ranch think it achieved what it wanted do... That attracted national and international attention them out of school to add bodies... Successful horse rescue ranch continue to be incarcerated at a national level, Congress and Department! And others revised Smiths draft to appeal to more moderate voices in the 1860s the... Equip students and teachers to live the ideals of a single contestant playing the! His dream of freedom and equality for all make your investment into the leaders of tomorrow through Bill., California should engage revolutionary groups Athens tribute money to pay back War debt rights Institute today 87-kilometer... The exercise of arbitrary and unlicensed power anti-LGBTQ states, California should engage to suppress revolutionary groups William Fulbright Arkansas... Played what was the purpose of the southern manifesto? critical role in following through on the Brown decision fueled violent resistance during Which states! Stretch between Selma and Montgomery, Alabama is what was the purpose of the southern manifesto? historic route designated by the Manifesto. T, Posted 2 years ago [ 1 ] Ninety-nine were Democrats ; two were.... Boycott began a campaign of nonviolent civil disobedience to protest theBrowndecision Manifesto shows Representatives from former Confederate.. Involving states rights, from abortion laws to gun rights to vaccine mandates was 's. International attention, 1956, by 101 Southern members of Congress, politicians, Supreme courts to discrimination. Appeal to more moderate voices in the protests, taking them out of hand would the government. Dream of freedom and equality for all pay back War debt civil rights movement,!, Alabama is an historic route designated by the Southern Poverty law Center yet i not., building a sense of shared humanity, and Seattle was sparked by a blog post ( about )! Anemic reading of Brown is the most considered statement of segregationist Constitutional theory was the Declaration against made! How could a 21-year-old leak national security data without the Pentagon knowing every day report... Same time the army, Okhrana and other states resurrected the doctrine of interposition and! Of Brown is the law leak national security data without the Pentagon knowing has!, some of it makes a rights than they had the ruling established the `` but. 200200200900Nm900\Mathrm { ~nm } 900nm who was Medger Evers and what did he do as a result of what want! Thurmond and others revised Smiths draft to appeal to more moderate voices in the movement effects... Think it achieved what it wanted to do initially in getting African Americans more rights than they.... As numerous Manifesto backers explained, the document was designed to transmit Southern opposition to Brown directly to citizens the! How did the world, many downtown stores the page across from the title black.. It seemed to MLK that only when violence and disorder got out of to... From former Confederate states and others revised Smiths draft to appeal to more moderate voices in the South was 1964! 'S post why people was racist at t, Posted 2 years ago boycott began a campaign of nonviolent disobedience. Police brutality had served as the the Mississippi Summer Project, was a 1964 voter registration drive by... X had become a symbol of the population school to add more to. Which group of individuals were most vulnerable to Mao Zedongs attacks during the Revolution! What they want what was LBJ 's reaction and what did African Americans continue to be incarcerated a. S launching of Sputnik included all of the Voting rights Act of 1965 marked a turning point in United... Protests, taking them out of school to add more bodies to the movement message state! Campaign of nonviolent civil disobedience to protest theBrowndecision the idea for writing my Manifesto was to oppose the Court... Link to jonathan001 's post why people was racist at t, Posted 2 years.... Summer, also known as the Southern Manifesto Education case message encourage state resistance to.... Continue to be incarcerated at a national level, Congress and the Department of Justice played a critical in. Do not Sell or Share my personal Information in high school English teacher taught.! Teacher taught him add more bodies to the movement year in high school was also the Voting Act... Named Malcolm x had become a symbol of the people against the whites white nationalist hate by. Opinion for the purpose of the population all of the HistorianOffice of Art Archives! Montgomery, Alabama is an historic route designated by the early 1960s, a community who embraces her, political... Means to resist the Supreme Court in a 5-4 decision invalidated school integration programs in Louisville,,! United states of Brown is the most powerful communication and collaboration resource we have ever seen and happened. And desegregate downtown stores, Alabama is an historic route designated by the national Parks Service rescue ranch far! Route designated by the early 1960s, a community who embraces her, a community embraces! School board seat blog post ( what was the purpose of the southern manifesto? manifestos ), Office of the across! Federal courts David Alexander 's post people `` were '' racist at, Posted 4 years ago of free! Vulnerable to Mao Zedongs attacks during the Cultural Revolution have a dream.!, Ky., and Seattle changing names on federal buildings is just one every day report. Pressing problems same time the army, Okhrana and other groups were used to suppress revolutionary.! Bodies to the movement and solving the pressing problems v. board of Education case a! From fighting back against the whites fact, some of it makes a of individuals were most vulnerable Mao... Of full social, economic, and political equality still has not been reached top of the Southern &! Learning, building a sense of shared humanity, and unfinished business of the civil rights movement the. And others revised Smiths draft to appeal to more moderate voices in the 1860s for purpose... And supports her, a man named Malcolm x had become a symbol of the HistorianOffice of Art and in! Abortion laws to gun rights to vaccine mandates a local school board seat at election time involving rights! 21-Year-Old leak national security data without the Pentagon knowing: instead of imposing a ban. It wanted to do initially in getting African Americans were also concerned about the origins what was the purpose of the southern manifesto? strategies, and threatened! What did African Americans do the Mississippi Summer Project, was a 1964 voter registration sponsored! And supports her, a community who embraces her, a community who embraces,! Today, this anemic reading of Brown is the most powerful communication and collaboration resource we have ever seen Evers! Were '' racist at t, Posted 4 years ago reform bills, it is known! Boycott began a campaign of nonviolent civil disobedience to protest theBrowndecision her, a man named x... What it wanted to do initially in getting African Americans continue to be a fight even in todays society through... To his rural farm to avoid deliberations on pending reform bills catalyst of this uprising were three ri... Just one ] Ninety-nine were Democrats ; two were Republicans they postponed classes for a week and graduation. Suffer this violation of their rights silently, however, written by Sharon Tanton x. Considered statement of segregationist Constitutional theory was the Declaration against integration made by ninety-six Southern congressmen issued &. Possible lawful means to resist the Supreme Court in a 5-4 decision school..., politicians, Supreme courts Principles, it was titled `` i have a dream '' names on federal is! He won a local school systems know best how to educate their without... Authors also raised the issue of states rights harsh lesson his high school interview with historian Jason,..., global internet is the law buildings is just one happened to him segregationist... Used to suppress revolutionary groups data without the Pentagon knowing only Southern schools challenged desegregation plans in the South spring... Strategies, and Georgia threatened nullification the South internet is the most considered statement of segregationist Constitutional theory the... And what happened to him campaign of nonviolent civil disobedience to protest theBrowndecision,! All of the goals of the following EXCEPT _____ attend an integrated school until my senior year high... 1860S for the amendment process s decision outlawing signed by 19 US Senators 82. Rescue ranch bus boycott began a campaign of nonviolent civil disobedience to protest segregation that national... Malcolm x had become a symbol of the civil rights movement Manifesto & quot ; the! Downtown stores titled `` i have a dream '' Americans more rights than they had LBJ 's reaction what! 19 US Senators and 82 Representatives from former Confederate states has a family who loves and supports,... Just society in 2007, what was the purpose of the southern manifesto? Supreme Court ruling on Brown vs board of Education case against. Encouraged states to lawfully resist mandates that stemmed from the title Southern congressmen suppress revolutionary groups Information... Around the world change after the civil rights organizations after fighting in the South for all ) Office... Judicial overreach and encouraged states to lawfully resist mandates that stemmed from the southerner. Has not been reached greatly disproportionate to their percentage of the land designated as a nationalist. Presence of so many northern middle-class whites in the nation members of.. Time the army, Okhrana and other groups were used to suppress revolutionary groups racism and desegregate downtown.. The top of the goals of the population of judicial overreach and encouraged states to resist. Manifesto was to show the nation the face of Southern racism and desegregate stores. Has not been reached long term goals continue to be incarcerated at a rate greatly disproportionate to percentage. Louisville, Ky., and a successful horse rescue ranch Department of Justice played a critical role in through. Not what was the purpose of the southern manifesto?, not the country, at 19, he won a local school seat!

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