describe the policies of akbar

Akbar was a farsighted statesman and the realised the value of Rajput [61] Only the clans of Mewar continued to resist. Upset by this, Akbar opened the Ibadat Khana to people of all religions as well as atheists, resulting in the scope of the discussions broadening and extending even into areas such as the validity of the Quran and the nature of God. Other active measures taken included the construction and protection of routes of commerce and communications. Upon hearing the news of his brother's death, Humayun was overwhelmed with grief. Akbar Rakht Se Takht Ka Safar is a 2017 Indian drama television series tracing Akbar's journey to the Mughal throne. [47] Malwa became a province of the nascent imperial administration of Akbar's regime. [72] The recovery of Kandahar had not been a priority for Akbar, but after his prolonged military activity in the northern frontiers, a move to restore Mughal rule over the region became desirable. Akbars Policies [84] While the revenue assessment system showed concern for the small peasantry, it also maintained a level of distrust towards the revenue officials. [131] Shortly afterwards, Akbar's army completed its annexation of Kabul, and in order to further secure the north-western boundaries of his empire, it proceeded to Qandahar. [229] In 1593, he married the daughter of Qazi Isa and the cousin of Najib Khan. [205] Another of his wives was Gauhar-un-Nissa Begum, the daughter of Shaikh Muhammad Bakhtiyar and the sister of Shaikh Jamal Bakhtiyar. [40] When his regent, Bairam Khan, called a council of war to marshall the Mughal forces, none of Akbar's chieftains approved. It contains a story about Akbar in which he is compared to the other Mughal rulers. [61], The fall of Chittorgarh was followed up by a Mughal attack on the Ranthambore Fort in 1568. [27] She was his first wife and chief consort. Upon hearing the news of his brother's death, Humayun was overwhelmed with grief. [183], He is said to have been extremely moderate in his diet. Only Orissa was left in the hands of the Karrani dynasty as a fief of the Mughal Empire. The marriage took place on 3 November 1592. [158] According to the contemporary events in the Mughal court Akbar was indeed angered by the acts of embezzlement of wealth by many high level Muslim clerics. In Kalanaur, Punjab, the 14-year-old Akbar was enthroned by Bairam Khan on a newly constructed platform, which still stands. [160] Celibacy was respected, chastity enforced, the slaughter of animals was discouraged, and there were no sacred scriptures or a priestly hierarchy. Circumstances favoured the Mughals. This also formed the basis for Akbar's policy of religious tolerance. It rested on two pillars-the [61] Akbar would celebrate his conquest of Rajputana by laying the foundation of a new capital, 23 miles (37km) W.S.W of Agra in 1569. She was the daughter of the ruler of Amer, Raja Bharmal, and was by birth of Rajput caste. [208] As a dowry, Mubarak Shah ceded Bijagarh and Handia to his imperial son-in-law. Akbar again invited Hiravijaya Suri's successor Vijayasena Suri in his court who visited him between 1593 and 1595. [168] In his days of tolerance he was so well liked by Hindus that there are numerous references to him, and his eulogies are sung in songs and religious hymns as well. It includes vivid and detailed descriptions of his life and times. [217][218], Another of his wives was Bhakkari Begum, the daughter of Sultan Mahmud of Bhakkar. 2009. Known as a great female patron of architecture of Mughal empire,[203] she died on 19 May 1623 in Agra and was buried close to her husband in Sikandra, Agra. [110] Akbar's efforts to purchase and secure from the Portuguese some of their compact artillery pieces were unsuccessful and thus Akbar could not establish the Mughal navy along the Gujarat coast. [192], Akbar's favourite wife[6][193][194][195][196] was the Mariam-uz-Zamani, commonly known by the misnomer Jodha Bai, whom he married in the year 1562. His power and influence, however, extended over the entire subcontinent because of Mughal military, political, cultural, and economic dominance. Akbar's reign significantly influenced the course of Indian history. In 1564, he sent presents to the court with a request that his daughter be married to Akbar. The village continued to remain the primary unit of revenue assessment. [212][213][214] Rawal had sent a request that his daughter be married to Akbar. She died childless in January 1626 and was buried next to her father's grave. Raja Birbal, a renowned minister in Akbar's court, was also given military command. Two major Rajput clans remained aloof the Sisodiyas of Mewar and Hadas of Ranthambore. They too were slain and driven out of the empire. He created a powerful military system and instituted effective political and social reforms. He founded a new religion known as Din-i-ilhai based on the common points of all religions. [225], His twelfth wife was Bibi Daulat Shad. Abu'l-Fath Jalal-ud-din Muhammad Akbar (15 October 1542 27 October 1605), popularly known as Akbar the Great (Persian pronunciation: [akbar azam]), and also as Akbar I (Persian pronunciation: [akbar]), was the third Mughal emperor, who reigned from 1556 to 1605. WebAkbar is known for his liberal ideas and liberal religious policy. [30][34] The basis of this military prowess and authority was Akbar's skilful structural and organisational calibration of the Mughal army. To unify the vast Mughal state, Akbar established a centralised system of administration throughout his empire and adopted a policy of conciliating conquered rulers through marriage and diplomacy. [31][32] He was proclaimed Shahanshah (Persian for "King of Kings"). His foster brother retained all the spoils and followed through with the Central Asian practice of slaughtering the surrendered garrison, their wives and children, and many Muslim theologians and Sayyids, who were the descendants of Muhammad. [146] In 1567, on the advice of Shaikh Abdu'n Nabi, he ordered the exhumation of Mir Murtaza Sharifi Shirazi a Shia buried in Delhi because of the grave's proximity to that of Amir Khusrau, arguing that a "heretic" could not be buried so close to the grave of a Sunni saint, reflecting a restrictive attitude towards the Shia, which continued to persist until the early 1570s. [139], Akbar, as well as his mother and other members of his family, are believed to have been Sunni Hanafi Muslims. Mahmud celebrated the occasion by holding extravagant feasts for fifteen days. [186] Such hagiographical accounts of Akbar traversed a wide range of denominational and sectarian spaces, including several accounts by Parsis, Jains, and Jesuit missionaries, apart from contemporary accounts by Brahminical and Muslim orthodoxy. This policy of Akbar contradicts the theory of Two-Nation and therefore makes him an unpopular figure in Pakistan."[239]. All Rajput states, except Mewar, accepted the sovereignty of Akbar. [140] His early days were spent in the backdrop of an atmosphere in which liberal sentiments were encouraged and religious narrow-mindedness was frowned upon. [231][232], On 3 October 1605, Akbar fell ill from an attack of dysentery[233] from which he never recovered. The Portuguese Governor, upon the request of Akbar, sent him an ambassador to establish friendly relations. [70], In 1586, Akbar negotiated a pact with Abdullah Khan in which the Mughals agreed to remain neutral during the Uzbek invasion of Safavid held Khorasan. Akbar occupied Burhanpur and besieged Asirgarh Fort in 1599, and took it on 17 January 1601, when Miran Bahadur Shah refused to submit Khandesh. ADVERTISEMENTS: The main features of this policy were as follows: (a) He captured all important forts in Rajasthan. Akbar rode alone in advance of his escort and was confronted by a tigress who, along with her cubs, came out from the shrubbery across his path. [citation needed] Unless Udai Singh was reduced to submission, the imperial authority of the Mughals would be lessened in Rajput eyes. [94] Furthermore, he established a trade business for his chief consort, Mariam-uz-Zamani who ran an extensive trade of indigo, spices, and cotton to Gulf nations through merchant's vessels. [75] Rostam Mirza pledged allegiance to the Mughals; he was granted a rank (mansab) of commander of 5000 men and received Multan as a jagir. Akbar the Great, Muslim emperor of India, established a sprawling kingdom through military conquests but is known for his policy of religious tolerance. Surjan accepted an alliance on the condition that Akbar did not marry any of his daughters. Historian Naimur Rahman Farooqi wrote that their unceremonious expulsion may explain why Akbar broke relations with the Hijaz and stopped sending Hajj caravans after 1581. The coins of Akbar set a new chapter in India's numismatic history. [177], Akbar's reign was chronicled extensively by his court historian Abul Fazl in the books Akbarnama and Ain-i-akbari. Akbar succeeded Humayun on 14 February 1556,[30] while in the midst of a war against Sikandar Shah to reclaim the Mughal throne. [66], Following his conquests of Gujarat and Bengal, Akbar was preoccupied with domestic concerns. Orders prohibiting marriage before the age of 12 and between cousins though permissible under Muslim law were passed by Akbar. [43] His army, led by Bairam Khan, defeated Hemu and the Sur army on 5 November 1556 at the Second Battle of Panipat, 50 miles (80km) north of Delhi. Expansion. [95], Akbar was a great innovator as far as coinage is concerned. When summoned to give accounts, he fled Gondwana. Eschewing tribal bonds and Islamic state identity, Akbar strove to unite far-flung lands of his realm through loyalty, expressed through an Indo-Persian culture, to himself as an emperor. She was bestowed with the name 'Wali Nimat Begum' (Blessings/Gift of God) by Akbar shortly after her marriage. Special people were stationed at Sorun and later Haridwar to dispatch water, in sealed jars, to wherever he was stationed. [173] Akbar also issued many imperial orders that were favourable for Jain interests, such as banning animal slaughter. These Rajputs were made members of his court and their daughters' or sisters' marriage to a Muslim ceased to be a sign of degradation, except for certain proud elements who still considered it a sign of humiliation. In 1558, while Akbar was consolidating his rule over northern India, the Safavid emperor, Tahmasp I, had seized Kandahar and expelled its Mughal governor. WebAkbar was against child marriage which was prevalent both among the Hindus and the Muslims. The soldiers were provided with pay eight months in advance. [60] Udai Singh's power and influence was broken. Thus, Akbars religious freedom policy, that he introduced in order to create a powerful empire, was a huge achievement, establishing him as one of the most influential rulers of the Mughal rule in India in history. The support of the largest Hindus assisted Akbar in expanding his kingdom. He pardoned his brother, who took up de facto charge of the Mughal administration in Kabul; Bakht-un-Nissa continued to be the official governor. [145], During the early part of his reign, Akbar adopted an attitude of suppression towards Muslim sects that were condemned by the orthodoxy as heretical. [citation needed], Bhavishya Purana is a minor Purana that depicts the various Hindu holy days and includes a section devoted to the various dynasties that ruled India, dating its oldest portion to 500 CE and newest to the 18th century. [237][238], Citing Akbar's melding of the disparate 'fiefdoms' of India into the Mughal Empire as well as the lasting legacy of "pluralism and tolerance" that "underlies the values of the modern republic of India", Time magazine included his name in its list of top 25 world leaders. They were, according to Abul Fazl "afraid of the cold of Afghanistan." [109] At the initial meeting of the Mughals and the Portuguese during the Siege of Surat in 1572, the Portuguese, recognizing the superior strength of the Mughal army, chose to adopt diplomacy instead of war. [72] The conquests of Sindh, Kashmir, and parts of Baluchistan, and the ongoing consolidation of Mughal power over today's Afghanistan had added to Akbar's confidence. [47] Akbar personally rode to Malwa to confront Adham Khan and relieve him of command. [111], Akbar accepted the offer of diplomacy, but the Portuguese continually asserted their authority and power in the Indian Ocean; Akbar was highly concerned when he had to request a permit from the Portuguese before any ships from the Mughal Empire were to depart for the Hajj pilgrimage to Mecca and Medina. [citation needed], Akbar's religious tolerance was not followed by his son Jahangir, who even threatened Akbar's former friend Bhanuchandra. [50] Simultaneously the Mirzas, a group of Akbar's distant cousins who held important fiefs near Agra, had also risen up in rebellion. One could easily recognize even at first glance that he is King. [73], Kandahar was the name given by Arab historians to the ancient Indian kingdom of Gandhara. [130] One of the longest standing disputes between the Safavids and the Mughals pertained to the control of the city of Qandahar in the Hindukush region, which formed the border between the two empires. [47] Baz Bahadur temporarily regained control of Malwa until, in the next year, Akbar sent another Mughal army to invade and annex the kingdom. Bhara Mal, the ruler of Amber, The incident took place as Akbar was returning from a visit to the dargah of Hazrat Nizamuddin near Delhi, when an assassin shot an arrow that pierced his right shoulder. He adopted a policy of mutual understanding and reconciliation among the followers of different faiths and equality of all religions. 29 people found it helpful. [57][58] The booty that fell into the hands of the Mughals was distributed throughout the empire. He captured all important forts in Rajasthan and accepted the services of all those Rajput rulers who surrendered to him voluntarily. [123], During this period Akbar financed the pilgrimages of many poor Muslims from the Mughal Empire and also funded the foundations of the Qadiriyya Sufi Order's dervish lodge in the Hijaz. [17] Holy men of many faiths, poets, architects, and artisans all over the world adorned his court. [91][92], The reign of Akbar was characterized by commercial expansion. By abolishing the sectarian tax on non-Muslims and appointing them to high civil and military posts, he was the first Mughal ruler to win the trust and loyalty of the native subjects. [159], Virtues in Din-i-Ilahi included generosity, forgiveness, abstinence, prudence, wisdom, kindness, and piety. Akbars policy towards the Rajputs: Rajputs were the powerful enemies of the Mughals. WebAkbar pursued a different policy of annexation towards the Rajput rulers. [25] Humayun conferred on the imperial couple, all the wealth, army, and adherents of Hindal and Ghazni which one of Hindal's jagir was given to his nephew, Akbar, who was appointed as its viceroy and was also given the command of his uncle's army. In the year 1564, she gave birth to twins named Mirza Hassan and Mirza Hussain. [68] The Uzbeks were also known to be subsidising Afghans. [45] The Mughals had also besieged and defeated the Sur forces in control of Gwalior Fort, the greatest stronghold north of the Narmada river. [45] In the next six months, the Mughals won another major battle against Sikander Shah Suri, who fled east to Bengal. here is your answer. 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