In 2014, UNESCO headquarters rec

2021/05/21

In 2014, UNESCO headquarters received a new management plan intended to help integrate management, conservation, and maintenance programs at the property.[93]. Casa dei Gladiatori or House of the Gladiators", "World News Breaking International Headlines & Exclusives | Toronto Sun", "Pompeii Gladiator Training Centre Collapses", "Presenting Pompeii: Steps towards Reconciling Conservation and Tourism at an Ancient Site", "Archaeological Areas of Pompei, Herculaneum and Torre Annunziata", "Torna a splendere il verde di Pompei: viaggio tra giardini, orti, frutteti e vigneti ritrovati", "Prostitution in Pompeii: 2,000 years after explosion, sex-for-cash is still rife", "Pompeii (and Rome) Water Supply Systems", "VII.1.36 Pompeii. [88], Owing to its wealth and its Greek, Etruscan and Roman history, Pompeii is of great interest for the study of Roman architecture in terms of building methods and urban planning.

[3], Although best known for its Roman remains visible today, dating from AD 79, it was built upon a substantial city dating from much earlier times. Evidence of wine imported nationally from Pompeii in its most prosperous years can be found from recovered artefacts such as wine bottles in Rome. Pompeii (/pmpe(i)/, Latin:[pmpei.i]) was an ancient city located in what is now the comune of Pompei near Naples in the Campania region of Italy. [115] It is speculated that these historical vineyards are strikingly similar in structure to the modern day vineyards across Italy. Objects buried beneath Pompeii were well-preserved for almost 2,000 years as the lack of air and moisture allowed little to no deterioration. in the forum. The Tyrrhenian Sea's airflow provided hydration to the soil despite the hot, dry climate. Under Augustus, from about 30 BC a major expansion in new public buildings, as in the rest of the empire, included the Eumachia Building, the Sanctuary of Augustus and the Macellum. [41], Some buildings like the Central Baths were only started after the earthquake and were built to enhance the city with modern developments in their architecture, as had been done in Rome, in terms of wall-heating and window glass, and with well-lit spacious rooms. E. De Carolis, G. Patricelli and A. Ciarallo, 'Rinvenimenti di corpi umani nell'area urbana di Pompei', RStPomp, 1998, vol. The mouth of the navigable Sarno River, adjacent to the city, was protected by lagoons and served early Greek and Phoenician sailors as a safe haven and port which was developed further by the Romans. [121] It is part of a larger Vesuvius National Park and was declared a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 1997. [15]:64, The city wall was strengthened in the early-5th century BC with two faades of relatively thin, vertically set, slabs of Sarno limestone some four metres (13ft) apart filled with earth (the orthostate wall).[24].

They appeared to have escaped the first eruption but were killed by a second blast the next day. It is, however, clear that by the time of the conquest by Sulla in 89 BC the development of the street layout was largely complete and most of the insulae were built up. Weathering, erosion, light exposure, water damage, poor methods of excavation and reconstruction, introduced plants and animals, tourism, vandalism and theft have all damaged the site in some way. [17][18] The first wall (which was also used as a base for the later wall) unusually enclosed a much greater area than the early town together with much agricultural land. The song appears on their album 1985 Tinderbox. [19] That such an impressive wall was built at this time indicates that the settlement was already important and wealthy. By 2008, it was attracting almost 2.6million visitors per year, making it one of the most popular tourist sites in Italy. Many nearby buildings inside the walls were also destroyed. By 79, Pompeii had a population of 20,000,[45] which had prospered from the region's renowned agricultural fertility and favourable location. A wall fresco depicting Priapus, the ancient god of sex and fertility, with his grotesquely enlarged penis, was covered with plaster. [91], In June 2013, UNESCO warned that if restoration and preservation works "fail to deliver substantial progress in the next two years," Pompeii could be placed on the List of World Heritage in Danger. Pompeii was one of the towns of Campania that rebelled against Rome in the Social Wars and in 89 BC it was besieged by Sulla, who targeted the strategically vulnerable Porta Ercolano with his artillery as can still be seen by the impact craters of thousands of ballista shots in the walls. The complete skeleton of an extremely small adult dog was also discovered, measuring only about 2025cm (7.99.8in) at the shoulder, which provides evidence of highly selective breeding of dogs in Roman times. Dig of Pompeii fast-food place reveals tastes", "Archaeologists uncover ancient street food shop in Pompeii", "Archaeologists unveil ancient street food shop in Italy's Pompeii", "Victims and horses found at Civit Giuliana 20182020", "Ancient ceremonial chariot unearthed in Pompeii", "Pompeii: Archaeologists unveil ceremonial chariot discovery", "Archaeologists find unique ceremonial vehicle near Pompeii", "The tomb of Marcus Venerius Secundio discovered at Porta Sarno with mummified human remains", "Ashes to ashes: the latter-day ruin of Pompeii", "The Last Days of Pompeii: Destruction in World War II", "V.5.3 Pompeii. [102], Under the Romans, Pompeii underwent a process of urban development which accelerated in the Augustan period from about 30 BC. [126][127], Ancient Roman city near modern Naples, Italy, This article is about the classical Roman city. The people and buildings of Pompeii were covered in up to twelve different layers of tephra, in total up to 6 metres (19.7ft) deep. The aqueduct was a branch of the great Serino Aqueduct built to serve the other large towns in the Bay of Naples region and the important naval base at Misenum. [61] Charles of Bourbon took great interest in the finds, even after leaving to become king of Spain, because the display of antiquities reinforced the political and cultural prestige of Naples. Pompeii is a 2014 German-Canadian historical disaster film produced and directed by Paul W. S. Under Fiorelli's successors the entire west of the city was exposed. [15]:63 Nevertheless, Pompeii became a member of the Etruscan League of cities. Further excavations on a large scale are not planned and today archaeologists are more engaged in reconstructing, documenting and slowing the decay of the ruins. The city became an important passage for goods that arrived by sea and had to be sent toward Rome or Southern Italy along the nearby Appian Way. After the Samnite Wars from 290 BC, Pompeii was forced to accept the status of socii of Rome, maintaining, however, linguistic and administrative autonomy. [69] Maiuri made the last excavations on a grand scale in the 1950s, and the area south of the Via dell'Abbondanza and the city wall was almost completely uncovered, but they were poorly documented scientifically. [117] In 2018, an ancient fresco depicting an erotic scene of "Leda and the Swan" was discovered at Pompeii. It formed the basis for the currently visible walls with an outer wall of rectangular limestone blocks as a terrace wall supporting a large agger, or earth embankment, behind it. The rock band Pink Floyd filmed a 1971 live concert, Pink Floyd: Live at Pompeii, in which they performed six songs in the city's ancient Roman amphitheatre. A study of the bones showed that the younger one appeared to have done manual labour and hence was likely a slave. The results of the study, published in 2010, show that exposure to at least 250C (480F) hot pyroclastic flows at a distance of 10 kilometres (6 miles) from the vent was sufficient to cause instant death, even if people were sheltered within buildings. [85] The organisation supported conservation at Pompeii with funding from American Express and the Samuel H. Kress Foundation. Modern archaeologists have excavated garden sites and urban domains to reveal the agricultural staples of Pompeii's economy. The city began to flourish, and maritime trade started with the construction of a small port near the mouth of the river. The main language in the city became Latin,[29] and many of Pompeii's old aristocratic families Latinized their names as a sign of assimilation. M. Mastroroberto, "Una visita di Nerone a Pompei: le deversoriae tabernae di Moregine," in A. DAmbrosio, P. G. Guzzo and M. Mastroroberto (eds), Storie da uneruzione. [citation needed]. These include the Villa of the Mysteries, Villa of Diomedes, several at Boscoreale, Boscotrecase, Oplontis, Terzigno, and Civita Guiliana.[32].

[115] For this reason, vineyards were of utmost importance to Pompeii's economy. Three sheets of sediment from large landslides lie on top of the lava, perhaps triggered by extended rainfall. The fullonica of Stephanus,[112] named after the owner or manager, was originally a house that was transformed into a workshop for the processing of fabrics: on the lower floor the working and washing activities took place, carried out in large tanks with water, soda and urine while on the upper floor the clothes were dried. Thermopolium of Asellina", "I.6.7 Pompeii. 98, pp. The nearby cities of Herculaneum and Nuceria were also affected. 479523, who convincingly argues that the splendidly decorated hospitium south of Pompeii was built for this occasion. In December 2018, archaeologists discovered the remains of harnessed horses in the Villa of the Mysteries. Titus appointed two ex-consuls to organise a relief effort, while donating large amounts of money from the imperial treasury to aid the victims of the volcano. Catalogue NaplesBruxelles 20032004, 2003, pp. [21] Excavations in 19801981 have shown the presence of Etruscan inscriptions and a 6th-century BC necropolis. The site is generally less accessible to tourists than in the past, with less than a third of all buildings open in the 1960s being available for public viewing today.

Giuseppe Fiorelli took charge of the excavations in 1863 and made greater progress. All but the dates could have been produced locally. However, once exposed, Pompeii has been subject to both natural and man-made forces, which have rapidly increased deterioration. There is wide evidence of post-eruption disturbance, including holes made through walls. Pompeii is a 2003 Robert Harris novel featuring an account of the aquarius's race to fix the broken aqueduct in the days before the eruption of Vesuvius. His aqueduct passed through and under a large part of the city[59] and would have had to pass though many buildings and foundations, as still can be seen in many places today, but he kept quiet and nothing more came of the discovery. Chaos followed the earthquake; fires caused by oil lamps that had fallen during the quake added to the panic. The smallish size of the town's architecture is also due to the fact that it missed the big building schemes of the early Empire and kept much of its urban architecture that dates from as early as the 4th century BC. Casa e Officina del Garum degli Umbricii Room Plan", "Ancient erotic fresco uncovered in Pompeii ruins", "Archaeological Area of Pompeii, Herculaneum and Torre Annunziata, Italy, n. 829", "Pompeii's historic museum reopens with new artifacts", "David Gilmour Sets First Pompeii Shows Since Pink Floyd's Concert Film", "David Gilmour live at Pompeii a photo essay", "Ancient Mysteries: Season 3, Episode 22", 10.1093/acprof:osobl/9780199569366.001.0001, "Pompeii: The Mystery of the People Frozen in Time", "Temperatures of the A.D. 79 pyroclastic density current deposits (Vesuvius, Italy)", "Lethal Thermal Impact at Periphery of Pyroclastic Surges: Evidences at Pompeii", "A Tale of Two Cities: In Search of Ancient Pompeii and Herculaneum", "Avalanche-associated mass flows damaged Pompeii several times before the Vesuvius catastrophic eruption in the 79 CE", Archaeological Park of Pompeii on Google Arts and Culture platform, City of Vicenza and the Palladian Villas of the Veneto, Great Spa Towns of Europe - Montecatini Terme, Arab-Norman Palermo and the Cathedral Churches of Cefal and Monreale, Longobards in Italy, Places of Power (568774 A.D.), Prehistoric pile dwellings around the Alps, Ancient and Primeval Beech Forests of the Carpathians and Other Regions of Europe, Venetian Works of Defence between 15th and 17th centuries, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pompeii&oldid=1097733310, 70s disestablishments in the Roman Empire, Populated places disestablished in the 1st century, Populated places established in the 6th century BC, Populated places established in the 7th century BC, Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from September 2012, Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from September 2019, Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages, Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages, Articles with unsourced statements from September 2019, Pages using Sister project links with hidden wikidata, Pages using Sister project links with default search, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 12 July 2022, at 11:26. Questionable reconstruction was also done after the severe earthquake of 1980 which caused great destruction. It was Fiorelli who realised these were spaces left by the decomposed bodies and so devised the technique of injecting plaster into them to recreate the forms of Vesuvius's victims. La regione vesuviana dal 62 at 79 d.C. Problemi archeologici e sismologici (Colloquium Boscoreale, 2627 November 1993), Munich, 1995, pp. [60], Herculaneum itself was rediscovered in 1738 by workmen digging for the foundations of a summer palace for the King of Naples, Charles of Bourbon. [99] Also the newly excavated House of Leda and the Swan[100] has opened.