o, resveratrol effects included

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Also, resveratrol effects included an increased expression of other genes, such as PTEN, which promotes EE, and Bmp7, which is known to play a central role in brown fat development and differentiation (Tseng et al., 2008). Nutr. (2012). The drug binds to a protein on the surface of cells thats thought to also stimulate brown fat and improve the ability of white fat to break down and release its stored fat into the bloodstream. On the other hand, only a slight increase in EE (by 1.7 kJ/h) after oral administration of capsinoids was observed in the BAT-negative group (Yoneshiro et al., 2012). At the end of the study, the women had higher levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL, or good cholesterol) and other markers of a reduced risk of heart disease. Antiobesity effects of green tea catechins: a mechanistic review. MR proofread the manuscript and provided guidance on the overall direction of the manuscript. Takahashi, Y., and Ide, T. (2000). (2006). J. Nutr. Effects of dietary polyphenols on metabolic syndrome features in humans: a systematic review. O'Mara AE, Johnson JW, Linderman JD, Brychta RJ, McGehee S, Fletcher LA, Fink YA, Kapuria D, Cassimatis TM, Kelsey N, Cero C, Abdul-Sater Z, Piccinini F, Baskin AS, Leitner BP, Cai H, Millo CM, Dieckmann W, Walter M, Javitt NB, Rotman Y, Walter PJ, Ader M, Bergman RN, Herscovitch P, Chen KY, Cypess AM. Physiol. (2004). The main physiological, biochemical and morphological characteristics of each adipose tissue subtype have been briefly summarized in Figure 1. This minireview aims to summarize the current knowledge of some dietary compounds that have been shown to promote BAT activation and WAT browning with subsequent beneficial health effects. The last several decades have also seen a spike in related diseases of metabolism, such as type 2 diabetes. 2, 237257. (2018). The adrenergic stimulation in brown adipocytes can be also promoted by the reduction of degradation of (d) cAMP and (e) norepinephrine through direct inhibition of PDEs and COMT activity, respectively. In another randomized placebo-controlled study, capsinoids (10 mg/kg per day) were able to increase EE, VO2, and enhance fat burning (Inoue et al., 2007). (2008). Resveratrol increases brown adipose tissue thermogenesis markers by increasing SIRT1 and energy expenditure and decreasing fat accumulation in adipose tissue of mice fed a standard diet. (a) The direct and/ or indirect (via AMPK) activation of SIRT1 induces deacetylation and interaction of key transcription factors promoting brown and beige adipogenesis as PPAR/ and PRDM16. The browning effect of resveratrol has been suggested to be mediated by 5 adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) 1 activation, since these changes wereabsent in cells lacking AMPK1 (Wang et al., 2015a, 2017). Adv. Menthol is also known to induce cooling sensation by activating the TRPM8 receptor, a Ca2+-permeable non-selective channel that detects cold stimuli in the thermosensory system (McKemy et al., 2002; Bautista et al., 2007). (2009). Eur. Capsinoids interact with TRPV1 receptors in gut, which in turn stimulate the vagal afferent pathways leading to activation of neurons within the ventromedial hypothalamus. 43, 313319. The authors suggested that fish oil contributes to brown adipogenesis by acting as ligand of TRPV1 in digestive tract that triggers, via the brain, a 2-adrenergical sympathetic response in adipose depots. The PPAR/PRDM16 complex is also able to bind and activate PGC1, another cofactor specifically expressed in brown and beige adipocytes that stimulates the transcription of several genes involved in thermogenesis and mitochondrial biogenesis. (2018). doi: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00770.2017, Wang, S., Liang, X., Yang, Q., Fu, X., Rogers, C. J., Zhu, M., et al. doi: 10.3945/ajcn.2008.26561, Song, Z., Revelo, X., Shao, W., Tian, L., Zeng, K., Lei, H., et al. A synergistic antiobesity effect by a combination of capsinoids and cold temperature through promoting beige adipocyte biogenesis. [Epub ahead of print]. (2015). Biochem. 68, 10751087. J. Agric. doi: 10.1016/j.mce.2013.12.005, Snitker, S., Fujishima, Y., Shen, H., Ott, S., Pi-Sunyer, X., Furuhata, Y., et al. Menthol: a refreshing look at this ancient compound. 15, 675690. J. Clin. Moreover, topical application of menthol on skin has been shown to activate TRPM8 and induce parallel increase in NST and body temperature (Tajino et al., 2007; Vizin et al., 2018). doi: 10.1146/annurev-food-022510-133656, Kim, M., Goto, T., Yu, R., Uchida, K., Tominaga, M., Kano, Y., et al. Pharmacol. (2014). 20, 98105. A common feature in these animal and human studies was the administration of high doses of curcumin. (2001). Capsaicin induces browning of white adipose tissue and counters obesity by activating TRPV1 channel-dependent mechanisms. doi: 10.1021/jf073420h. Resveratrol improves mitochondrial function and protects against metabolic disease by activating SIRT1 and PGC-1alpha. Food components with anti-obesity effect. doi: 10.1271/bbb.60341. Today, the induction of BAT thermogenesis represents a promising protective strategy to combat obesity in humans by increasing EE (Rosenwald and Wolfrum, 2014). doi: 10.1001/jama.2016.7602, Kiefer, F. W. (2017). Dermatol.

doi: 10.1271/bbb.90555, Kawada, T., Kayahashi, S., Hida, Y., Koga, K., Nadachi, Y., and Fushiki, T. (1998). Drug Metab. 5B52, MSC 2094 90, 651659. Low concentrations of resveratrol have been shown to promote the expression of brown adipogenic markers including UCP1, PRDM16, PGC1 and CIDEA in stromal vascular cells isolated from mouse inguinal WAT, suggesting a main role of resveratrol in WAT browning (Wang et al., 2015a). Prod. 124, 672683. Food-derived components stimulating energy expenditure and their mechanisms of action involved in the activation of BAT or in the induction of WAT browning. Taken together, these findings reinforce evidence about the prospective use of menthol as a promising approach in the management of obesity and associated comorbidities by regulating energy balance and metabolic homeostasis. Within this study, curcumin treatment was associated with increased UCP1 expression in BAT, possibly involving PPAR-dependent and independent mechanisms (Song et al., 2018). Br. Benefits of the mediterranean diet: insights from the PREDIMED study. Endocr. (1999) demonstrated that green tea enhances EE and fat oxidation. The current minireview aims to summarize the latest findings concerning the activation of BAT or browning of WAT induced by specific dietary components, including capsaicin, resveratrol, curcumin, green tea, menthol and fish-derived Omega-3 fatty acids. In this report, the authors suggested a potential contribution of SIRT1-mediated deacytelation of PGC-1 in BAT activation (Lagouge et al., 2006; Cant and Auwerx, 2009). In this review we focused on few dietary molecules that have shown to regulate BAT activation or beige fat development. J. Nutr. doi: 10.1021/jf9711000, Khera, R., Murad, M. H., Chandar, A. K., Dulai, P. S., Wang, Z., Prokop, L. J., et al. The participants experienced increases in resting heart rate, blood pressure, and oxygen consumption by the heart while taking the drug. The thermogenic and anti-obesity effects of capsaicin and capsinoids have been shown to be mediated, at least in part, by the promotion of BAT activity. Acad. Are all n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids created equal? doi: 10.1038/nature719, Nishikawa, S., Kamiya, M., Aoyama, H., Nomura, M., Hyodo, T., Ozeki, A., et al. Curcumin, also called diferuloylmethane, is a yellow-colored hydrophobic polyphenol found in extracts of Turmeric roots (a plant of the ginger family). doi: 10.1079/BJN20051502, Burns, J., Yokota, T., Ashihara, H., Lean, M. E., and Crozier, A. The activation of EPAC, a cAMP effector, leads to increased intracellular calcium (Ca2+) concentration that activates AMPK pathway and subsequently increase SIRT1 activity. The origin and definition of brite versus white and classical brown adipocytes. (2016). 360, 15181525. Biochem. Food Chem. J. Nutr. 6, R70R79. 2020 Jan 21. pii: 131126. doi: 10.1172/JCI131126. doi: 10.2337/db15-0662, Ono, K., Tsukamoto-Yasui, M., Hara-Kimura, Y., Inoue, N., Nogusa, Y., Okabe, Y., et al. 61:1347480. doi: 10.1080/16546628.2017.1347480, Crescenzo, R., Mazzoli, A., Cancelliere, R., Bianco, F., Giacco, A., Liverini, G., et al. Br. (2009). doi: 10.1002/ptr.2503, Rosenwald, M., and Wolfrum, C. (2014). Epidemiology of obesity and associated comorbidities. Capsinoids, which include dihydrocapsiate, nordihydrocapsiate, and capsiate, have the same chemical structure as capsaicin. Front. (2015). Oncotarget 8, 7511475126. Received: 04 November 2018; Accepted: 22 December 2018;Published: 11 January 2019. Res. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa0808949, Vizin, R. C. L., Motzko-Soares, A. C. P., Armentano, G. M., Ishikawa, D. T., Cruz-Neto, A. P., Carrettiero, D. C., et al. Menthol (2-isopropyl-5-methyl-cyclohexanol) also known as mint camphor, is a cyclic monoterpene alcohol produced synthetically or obtained from peppermint Mentha piperita (Patel et al., 2007; Pergolizzi et al., 2018). doi: 10.1093/jmcb/mjs001, Mantzorou, M., Pavlidou, E., Vasios, G., Tsagalioti, E., and Giaginis, C. (2018). Tseng, Y. H., Kokkotou, E., Schulz, T. J., Huang, T. L., Winnay, J. N., Taniguchi, C. M., et al. Am. It was suggested that green tea catechins may promote the SNA by reducing the degradation of norepinephrine through a direct inhibition of COMT. Cell 150, 620632. J. Med. doi: 10.1038/ijo.2015.23, Wang, S., Wang, X., Ye, Z., Xu, C., Zhang, M., Ruan, B., et al. Effects of curcumin consumption on human chronic diseases: a narrative review of the most recent clinical data. Brown remodeling of white adipose tissue by SirT1-dependent deacetylation of Ppar. J. Nutr. 27, 193202. To this regard, it has been reported that resveratrol can directly inhibit cyclic AMP (cAMP)-specific PDEs in skeletal muscle and WAT of mice leading to elevated intracellular cAMP levels. doi: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2015.09.006, Ludy, M. J., Moore, G. E., and Mattes, R. D. (2012). doi: 10.1016/j.jaad.2007.04.008, Pergolizzi, J. V. Jr., Taylor, R. Jr., LeQuang, J. The results suggest that brown fat could be activated to help treat metabolic diseases. PGC-1alpha, SIRT1 and AMPK, an energy sensing network that controls energy expenditure. In addition, in inguinal WAT fish oil exerts its browning effects by recruiting beige adipocytes. Fish (Bonito) oil supplementation enhances the expression of uncoupling protein in brown adipose tissue of rat. Front. Disord. The intragastric administration of capsaicin analog in rats induced an increase in SNA of BAT via activation of TRPV1 channels expressed along the gastrointestinal tract (Ono et al., 2011). New role of bone morphogenetic protein 7 in brown adipogenesis and energy expenditure. Rev. J. Clin. Rep. 5:18013. doi: 10.1038/srep18013, Kim, S., Jin, Y., Choi, Y., and Park, T. (2011).

J. Agric. Resveratrol ameliorates aging-related metabolic phenotypes by inhibiting cAMP phosphodiesterases. Am. Wang et al. In a recent study, mice fed with HFD in association with curcumin showed an increase in EE and adaptive thermogenesis following mild cold exposure. (2016) have recently shown that EPA induces a switch from white to beige-like adipocytes in human subcutaneous adipocytes of overweight subjects by promoting the activation of AMPK/SIRT1/PGC1- axis. In addition, TRPM8 activation in vitro by menthol in human white adipocytes induced a brown-like phenotype, stimulated UCP1 expression and adipocyte thermogenesis (Rossato et al., 2014). Mol. Physiol. doi: 10.1530/EC-17-0037, Kim, K. H., and Park, Y. The management of body weight is mainly based on lifestyle modifications and modulating the absorption of food. Pharmacol. Green tea extract induces genes related to browning of white adipose tissue and limits weight-gain in high energy diet-fed rat. Biotransformation of curcumin through reduction and glucuronidation in mice. Physiol. Figure 1. (2006). Results appeared on January 21, 2020, in the Journal of Clinical Investigation. Similarly, Jiang et al. Relat. J. Agric. Interestingly, caffeine may synergically prolong the effects of norepinephrine by direct inhibition of PDEs activity (Dulloo et al., 1999, 2000).

Similar findings were observed in stromal primary vascular cells separated from interscapular BAT after treatment by resveratrol in vitro (Wang et al., 2017). J. Appl. In addition, most studies aimed to assess the impact of green tea catechins on fat oxidation rather than thermogenesis (Rains et al., 2011), therefore more studies are warranted to elucidate the role of green tea in the activation and recruitment of BAT in humans. 37, 7682. (2014). National Institutes of Health, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. J. Clin. (2017). The largest changes were found in women who had less brown fat activity to begin with. After four weeks of treatment, the womens metabolism at rest was almost 6% higher, although their weight or overall body compositionthe ratio of fat to musclehadnt changed. Nutr. In addition to the well known WAT storing lipids and undergoing pathological structural and functional changes during obesity, mammals including adult humans are also equipped with BAT conferred with thermogenic capacity called adaptive or NST (Virtanen et al., 2009; Rosenwald and Wolfrum, 2014). Yoneshiro et al. Obesity 26, 547558. Resveratrol reduced adipocytes viability and downregulated the expression of adipogenic factors such as SREBP-1c, LPL, C/EBP-, HSL, and PPAR. doi: 10.1016/j.pcad.2015.04.003, McKemy, D. D., Neuhausser, W. M., and Julius, D. (2002). After cold challenge (exposure to 4C), mice treated with curcumin exhibited an increase in adaptive thermogenesis, blood norepinephrine concentrations, and expression of characteristic BAT genes (e.g., ADRB3, CIDEA, PRDM 16, PGC-1, and UCP1) in inguinal WAT (Wang et al., 2015b). This compound was first found in the roots of white hellebore, and then in mulberries, red wine, grapes and peanuts (Burns et al., 2002). Cell Metab. Functional brown adipose tissue in healthy adults. (2015b). doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2012.06.027, Rains, T. M., Agarwal, S., and Maki, K. C. (2011). 19, 840847. 22, 13671371. Eicosapentaenoic acid promotes mitochondrial biogenesis and beige-like features in subcutaneous adipocytes from overweight subjects. Biotechnol. (2011). Dietary n-3 fatty acids affect mRNA level of brown adipose tissue uncoupling protein 1, and white adipose tissue leptin and glucose transporter 4 in the rat. Nature 416, 5258. J. Nat. These effects have shown to be mediated by TRPM8 activation in brown adipocytes with consequent Ca2+-dependent PKA phosphorylation (Ma et al., 2012). Chen et al.

JAMA 315, 24242434. However, NST is not restricted only to classical brown adipocytes since certain stimulations as cold exposure or ADRB3 activators can cause the so-called beige or brown-like adipocytes to emerge within WAT depots in a process termed WAT browning (Kiefer, 2017). Behav. doi: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2016.08.012. (2008). Both capsaicin and capsinoids have elicited enormous interest due to their role in enhancing fat oxidation and EE (Ludy et al., 2012). Dispos.

Our next studies will help determine if mirabegron has metabolic benefits in a wider range of people, including older adults and people with obesity, and if similar drugs might produce these benefits without increasing cardiovascular risk.. Nutr. The majority of adults in the U.S. carry too much fat in their bodies and are now considered overweight or obese. Food Res. Identification of a cold receptor reveals a general role for TRP channels in thermosensation. Cell Biol. Endocrinol. J. Clin. 62, 335336. The editor and reviewer's affiliations are the latest provided on their Loop research profiles and may not reflect their situation at the time of review. Long-term administration of menthol in mice has been shown to enhance UCP1 expression and activity in BAT, increase EE, ameliorate insulin sensitivity and prevent HFD-induced weight gain. In addition, resveratrol upregulated genes involved in mitochondrial biogenesis such as mitofusin (Mfn)-2 and UCP1 (Rayalam et al., 2008). Amiot, M. J., Riva, C., and Vinet, A. Res. (2017) have shown that oral administration by gavage of green tea for 8 weeks improved obesity-related parameters and upregulated the expression of BAT markers (i.e., PPAR-, PRDM-16, and PGC-1) in WAT of rats fed with a HFD-diet. BAT activity was assessed by [18F]- FDG-PET. Biochem. (2012). Phytother. Ireson, C., Orr, S., Jones, D. J., Verschoyle, R., Lim, C. K., Luo, J. L., et al. 94, 432436. doi: 10.1111/bph.13514, Basu, A., and Lucas, E. A. Human white adipocytes express the cold receptor TRPM8 which activation induces UCP1 expression, mitochondrial activation and heat production. Rev. This alkaloid is responsible for the pungency and hotness sensation of chili peppers (Thiele et al., 2008). (c) Activation TRPV1 receptors in GIT, and consequent stimulation of the vagal afferent pathways leads to activation of neurons within the ventromedial hypothalamus. Nonpungent capsaicin analogs (capsinoids) increase energy expenditure through the activation of brown adipose tissue in humans. The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. However, the effect of this resveratrol-mediated by cAMP signaling pathway on brown adipogenesis remains to be elucidated (Park et al., 2012). 55, 159169. (1999). doi: 10.1021/jf0112973, Cant, C., and Auwerx, J. Interestingly, green tea extracts have substantial amounts of caffeine which is known for its thermogenic properties (Westerterp-Plantenga et al., 2006). doi: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00128.2010, Pahlavani, M., Razafimanjato, F., Ramalingam, L., Kalupahana, N. S., Moussa, H., Scoggin, S., et al. Eicosapentaenoic acid regulates brown adipose tissue metabolism in high-fat-fed mice and in clonal brown adipocytes. NIH Research Mattersis a weekly update of NIH research highlights reviewed by NIHs experts. Tsavaler, L., Shapero, M. H., Morkowski, S., and Laus, R. (2001). J. Mol. Then future studies should test the hypothesis whether combined supplementations may also operate synergistically to activate NST in human through activation of BAT and/or beige adipose tissue recruitment. On the other hand, approaches aimed to enhance EE represent an alternative tool for counteracting obesity and related cardiometabolic disorders (Khera et al., 2016). Food Nutr. J. Nutr. Curcumin is commonly used as a spice in cooking and has been recognized for its potential value as an anti-obesity agent (Mantzorou et al., 2018). (2017). Short-term menthol treatment promotes persistent thermogenesis without induction of compensatory food consumption in wistar rats: implications for obesity control. Nature 454, 10001004. doi: 10.1038/ejcn.2014.143, Inoue, N., Matsunaga, Y., Satoh, H., and Takahashi, M. (2007). Long exposure to cold temperatures has been shown to boost brown fat activity but may not be a practical approach for most people. Res. doi: 10.1007/s00394-015-0834-0, Bartelt, A., and Heeren, J. Furthermore, Rayalam et al. doi: 10.1038/nrendo.2013.204, Baskaran, P., Krishnan, V., Ren, J., and Thyagarajan, B. Omega-3 PUFAs such as DHA and EPA are major polyunsaturated fats found fish oil supplements and in fatty fish such as salmon (Anderson and Ma, 2009). doi: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2010.06.006, Rayalam, S., Yang, J. Y., Ambati, S., Della-Fera, M. A., and Baile, C. A. Cardiovasc. Moreover, Baskaran et al. They are active ingredients found in the non-pungent type of red chili (Kobata et al., 1999). Application of menthol to the skin of whole trunk in mice induces autonomic and behavioral heat-gain responses. doi: 10.1016/j.cmet.2012.04.003, Qiang, L., Wang, L., Kon, N., Zhao, W., Lee, S., Zhang, Y., et al. HE wrote the manuscript. doi: 10.1111/j.1753-4887.2007.tb00314.x, Bautista, D. M., Siemens, J., Glazer, J. M., Tsuruda, P. R., Basbaum, A. I., Stucky, C. L., et al. J. Dietary menthol-induced TRPM8 activation enhances WAT browning and ameliorates diet-induced obesity.

doi: 10.3945/ajcn.111.018606, Keywords: brown adipose tissue, capsaicin, resveratrol, green tea, curcumin, menthol, Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, Citation: El Hadi H, Di Vincenzo A, Vettor R and Rossato M (2019) Food Ingredients Involved in White-to-Brown Adipose Tissue Conversion and in Calorie Burning. Lipidol. Am. Moreover, BAT of resveratol-treated mice showed larger mitochondria structures and DNA content, significant increase in gene expression of pathways characteristically related to energy homeostasis, including PPAR involved -oxidation of fatty acids and UCP1. Mol. doi: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2006.01.027, Yoneshiro, T., Aita, S., Kawai, Y., Iwanaga, T., and Saito, M. (2012). SIRT1 is required for AMPK activation and the beneficial effects of resveratrol on mitochondrial function. Jiang, C., Zhai, M., Yan, D., Li, D., Li, C., Zhang, Y., et al. Res. (2015b) demonstrated that intra-gastric administration of curcumin (50 or 100 mg/kg daily) in mice for 50 days induced a decrease in fat mass and body weight without altering food intake. These findings were supported by another study that showed a TRPV1-dependent increase in the temperature of the colon and intrascapular BAT after jejunal administration of capsinoids in mice. Am. J. Pharmacol. Preliminary study. Physiol. Res. The synergistic thermogenic effect exerted by EGCG and caffeine was further confirmed after administration of encapsulated EGCG-caffeine mixtures (Brub-Parent et al., 2005). Connect. It has been shown that fish oil increases the expression of numerous thermogenic genes in BAT including 3 ADRB3, PRDM16, PGC1 and PPARs in BAT (Bargut et al., 2016; Pahlavani et al., 2017). (2003) showed that capsaicin treatment (135 mg per day) in overweight subjects induced elevation of the resting EE. Nutr. The team recruited 14 women, aged 18-40, of diverse ethnicities. Biochem. 62:1700131. doi: 10.1002/mnfr.201700731, Nomura, S., Ichinose, T., Jinde, M., Kawashima, Y., Tachiyashiki, K., and Imaizumi, K. (2008). Rev. Two women reported mild side effects, including heart palpitations. Curr. 39, 967976. (2015) added evidence that fish oil supplementation in rats for 10 weeks induced a recruitment of beige adipocytes by increasing the expression of UCP1, PGC1, CIDEA and PRDM16 in inguinal WAT. Cancer Res. Senses 37, 103121. Researchers have been looking for ways to activate the bodys brown fat. 46, 12251227.

Med. Bethesda, MD 20892-2094, Long COVID symptoms linked to inflammation, Study suggests Epstein-Barr virus may cause multiple sclerosis, COVID-19 vaccines linked to small increase in menstrual cycle length, T cells protect against COVID-19 in absence of antibody response, Antibodies recognize new SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant after booster. doi: 10.1002/oby.22110, Stein, R. J., Santos, S., Nagatomi, J., Hayashi, Y., Minnery, B. S., Xavier, M., et al. The participants took 100 mg of mirabegron every daytwice the FDA-approved dosefor four weeks. (2016). This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). Brown fat activity, as measured by PET/CT, also increased during the study. Resveratrol induces apoptosis and inhibits adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. 31, Rm. It has been hypothesized that resveratrol can exert a direct stimulatory effect on SIRT1 (Price et al., 2012), whereas other data indicate an indirect activation via AMP (Wang et al., 2015a). J. Physiol. Plant foods and herbal sources of resveratrol. A 28, 919924. (2005). Moreover, Lejeune et al. Association of pharmacological treatments for obesity with weight loss and adverse events: a systematic review and meta-analysis. The human body contains more than one type of fat. 95, 845850. doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2012.01.017, Patel, T., Ishiuji, Y., and Yosipovitch, G. (2007). Mechanisms and effects of green tea on cardiovascular health. The menthol receptor TRPM8 is the principal detector of environmental cold. doi: 10.1021/np9803373, Lagouge, M., Argmann, C., Gerhart-Hines, Z., Meziane, H., Lerin, C., Daussin, F., et al. (2016). doi: 10.18632/oncotarget.20540, Kawabata, F., Inoue, N., Masamoto, Y., Matsumura, S., Kimura, W., Kadowaki, M., et al. 56, 42194224. J. Appl. BAT is a metabolically active tissue rich in mitochondria containing UCP1 that mediates the uncoupling of electron transport which leads to a decrease in the generation of ATP from adenosine diphosphate (ADP) with subsequent heat production (Bartelt and Heeren, 2014; Rossato et al., 2014).

61:1600746. doi: 10.1002/mnfr.201600746, Westerterp-Plantenga, M., Diepvens, K., Joosen, A. M., Brub-Parent, S., and Tremblay, A. (2000). Int. doi: 10.1038/sj.ijo.0801101, Huang, J., Wang, Y., Xie, Z., Zhou, Y., Zhang, Y., and Wan, X. (2016) showed that capsaicin triggered browning of WAT by promoting the expression of SIRT1, UCP1, BMP8B, and PPAR, PGC-1 in white adipocytes. 293, R2128R2135. Br. Opin. Dulloo, A. G., Duret, C., Rohrer, D., Girardier, L., Mensi, N., Fathi, M., et al. Cell 15, 11091122. Too much white fat, a characteristic of obesity, increases the risk of type 2 diabetes, high blood pressure, and other diseases. In Figures 2 and 3 we have summarized the main physiologic mechanisms involved in BAT promotion through these dietary compounds. This effect was inhibited by an extrinsic denervation of the jejunal segment suggesting a role of the gastrointestinal vagus nerve in capsinoids-mediated thermogenesis (Kawabata et al., 2009). (2018) demonstrated that administration of low doses of curcumin formulations but having higher bioavailability compared to native curcumin, enhanced in vivo WAT-browning and increased EE in mice. The significance of beige and brown fat in humans. Biochem. Int. J Clin Invest. The effects of capsaicin and capsiate on energy balance: critical review and meta-analyses of studies in humans. 17, 573586. 65, 361375. Thiele, R., Mueller-Seitz, E., and Petz, M. (2008). Di Pierro, F., Bressan, A., Ranaldi, D., Rapacioli, G., Giacomelli, L., and Bertuccioli, A.