Active Ingredients: Tranexamic a

2021/05/21

Active Ingredients: Tranexamic acid, phenylethyl resorcinol, niacinamide, tetrapeptide-30, marine extract blend, phytic acid | Skin Type: All | Benefits: Prevents the appearance of new spots, reduces redness, supports a healthy skin barrier | Size: 2 ounces | Cruelty-Free: Yes | Brydie Clean: Yes, Potent blend of antioxidants target free radical damage, Azelaic acid and kojic acid fade discoloration, This is another very effective albeit more aggressive serum for the treatment of dark spots," Kikam says. "Sunscreen is extremely important in protecting the skin from harmful UVA/UVB rays and also visible light, which drives hyperpigmentation in melanin-rich skin more than other skin tones. She considered dozens of dark spot correctors for this roundup, carefully evaluating the formula of each and referencing dermatologist-recommended active ingredients. According to New York dermatologist Diane Madfes, MD, discoloration is often a result of sun damage, hormonal changes, or skin growths. Glycolic acid can penetrate deep into pores to reduce thebuildup of comedoneson the skins surface, increasing cellular turnover and ultimately help the fading of discoloration.

When it comes to high-quality sun protection, your options range from drugstore products from derm-approved brands like CeraVe to Supergoop! This powerful serum uses 10 percent L-ascorbic acid (the purest form of vitamin C) combined with lactic and kojic acids, plus plant-based arbutin to improve the appearance of discoloration. You can also find her work in Elite Daily, MyDomaine, Thought Catalog, and more. Contains a blend of retinol and vitamin C. If you're nevertheless curious about the effects of at-home chemical peels, try one of these dermatologist-recommended products. And most important, which ones will get rid of dark spots for good? our process. Active Ingredients: Glycolic acid, aloe, plant extracts, vitamin E | Skin Type: Acne-prone | Benefits: Gently exfoliates, soothes, and protects from environmental damage andfreeradicals | Size: 1.7 ounces | Cruelty-Free: Yes | Brydie Clean: Yes, Kojic acid and turmeric fade discoloration, Vitamins C and E target hyperpigmentation. If you're new to dark spot correctors or have sensitive skin, we recommend slowly incorporating new products into your beauty routine at lower concentrations until figuring out what works best for you. Not only does it correct dark spots, but it interrupts them, helping to prevent dark spots in the future. Soy works as a dark spot corrector by preventing melanin from entering the top layer of skin, according to the American Academy of Dermatology. The powerful combination of glycolic acid and antioxidants is meant to restore elasticity and firmness while the lightweight consistency is quickly absorbed. More than 6,700 Amazon shoppers swear by this popular dark spot corrector from Neutrogena, with one writing that the retinol- and vitamin C-based serum "almost immediately got rid of the dark spots on my face and smoothed out my skin. How to use it: At nighttime, only on dark spots or areas of concern. She also advises sun avoidance in generalespecially for sensitive areasbetween 10 a.m. and 4 p.m. For a more affordable option, consider Garnier SkinActive Clearly Brighter Dark Spot Corrector, a drugstore favorite formulated with lipo-hydroxyl acid and vitamin C to target discoloration. This face sunscreen does leave a hint of a white cast, so its best suited for fairer skin tones. It also inhibits enzymatic processes that produce melanin in the skin, as such it can help to reduce dark coloration of the skin, Sumayah Jamal, MD, of Schweiger Dermatology Group, tells SELF. As with any product that is applied to the skin, hydroquinone can cause dryness, redness, and burning, which may signal an allergic reaction to the ingredient, cautions Dr. Cook-Bolden, who always recommends trying a spot test first. Discoloration on the skin occurs when "enlarged melanocytes or increased tyrosinase production causes the dark spots." Blend of glycolic, lactic, and salicylic acid accelerate cellular turnover. For clients looking to avoid products with hydroquinone, Stevens also recommends this serum, which combines tranexamic acid and niacinamide to brighten skin. You can snag this best-selling hydroquinone fade cream that's formulated for melanin-rich skin for 55 percent off right now. ", This highly popular brightening serum from Sunday Riley has close to five stars and nearly 75,000 loves at Sephora, with one customer describing how the product "really changed my skin texture from dry and dull to hydrated and bright.". Active Ingredients: Kojic acid, azelaic acid, niacinamide, and licorice root | Skin Type: Acne-prone | Benefits: Daily cleanser, mask, exfoliator | Size: 2 ounces | Cruelty-Free: Yes | Brydie Clean: Yes, "After using consistently for two weeks, my skin looks clearer and more radiant, save one hormonal pimple on my chin cropping up during the testing period. Of course, keep in mind that chemical peels can be harsh, particularly on sensitive skin, so be sure to talk to your dermatologist about how you may react before booking one. Reviewers boast that their dark marks faded within a few short weeks. Azelaic acid and retinol should be used all over the face, as they offer other benefits and help prevent pigmentation. Consider this a treatment, not for the faint of heart. Most dark spot correctors use a powerful combination of active ingredients like vitamin C, niacinamide, and kojic acid to effectively brighten skin. Learn more about

Commerce writer and skincare expert Theresa Holland specializes in over-the-counter cosmetics. Daily sunscreen is the absolute best way to prevent hyperpigmentation, Dr. Zeichner says.

Exfoliating treatments like chemical peels remove the upper layers of dead skin, helping to reduce the dull appearance of the skin so that it reflects light better and appears to glow, Dr. Jamal says. How to use it: Apply to dark spots in the morning and at night, before using your usual moisturizer. Hydroquinone is potent and can be irritating, so its best to use only as a spot treatment. she says. People With Psoriasis Share the Most Helpful Questions Theyve Asked Their Doctors. Testing out a product containing azelaic acid can mean tackling several skin concerns at once: In addition to dark marks, azelaic acid can help address redness, as well as blemishes and breakouts (especially in the case of Paula's Choice's cream gel, featured below, which also contains salicylic acid). Our best overall pick is Urban Skin Rx Even Tone Cleansing Bar, not only for its ability to fade dark spots effectivelybut for doing so quickly, too. The well-rated brand Ambi offers hydroquinone-based creams for both normal and oily skin types. "It contains a combination of antioxidant phenylethyl resorcinol, azelaic acid, and kojic acid to effectively correct hyperpigmentation and promote an even tone.. This extra melanin can be triggered by a lot of different things, she says: Hormonesboth estrogen and progesteronecan increase the level of melaninwhy pregnant women see dark spots that often lighten following birth; the sun can increase the level of melaninwhy we have more dark spots after the summer; and age can increase the size of the melanocyteswhy we see dark age spots in older patients.. Azelaic acid is anti-inflammatory and helps reduce redness, so it's used to treat acne and rosacea. It works by suppressing a key factor in the activity of the pigment cells, Carlos Charles, MD, dermatologist and founder of Derma di Colore, tells SELF. Lasers are the most expensive yet most impactful treatment to reduce dark spots. You may be able to find more information about this and similar content at piano.io, The 10 Best Exfoliating Gloves for Smooth Skin, The Best Under-Eye Patches to Hydrate & Brighten, The 12 Best Brushes for All Types of Curls, Get the Look: Hailey Bieber's Glazed Donut Nails, Glossier Is Officially Heading to Sephora, Need Hair Inspo? How to use it: Apply it all over your face once or twice a day; you can use it alone or with your favorite face moisturizer. According to Kikam, "Using a broad-spectrum sunscreen, especially on the face and other sun-exposed areas, is essential in treating dark spots/hyperpigmentation. This SPF formula contains peptides, vitamins C and E, andglycolic acid to promote a more even-looking complexion. Blair Murphy-Rose, MD is a board-certified dermatologist in New York. Dark spots or hyperpigmentation are due to the overproduction of melanin in the skin by melanocytes, plastic surgeon Melissa Doft, MD, tells SELF. Heres Why You Might Feel a Headache Behind Your Eyes, How to Tell If Your Poop Smells Regular-Bad or Concerningly Bad, This Kiehls Overnight Mask Transformed My Tired, Hungover Skin. Active Ingredients: Niacinamide, jojoba seed oil | Skin Type: Sensitive, acne-prone | Benefits: Balances, boosts radiance, smooths, and fades the most stubborn marks| Size: 1.7 ounces | Cruelty-Free: Yes | Brydie Clean: Yes. In these cases, sunscreen is more than just protective, it is essential in the treatment of hyperpigmentation. Derm tip: Typically three to six treatments (possibly more) spaced out by three to four weeks is needed to see results.

While many at-home versions exist, Dr. Doft recommends having your physician control the level of penetrationthink half a millimeter to 2.5 millimeters. Use of this site constitutes acceptance of our User Agreement and Privacy Policy and Cookie Statement and Your California Privacy Rights. ", Some sunscreens are better than others too. All that's needed is a pump or two of this dual brightening serum and anti-irritant complex per day to improve the look of dark spots, age spots, and acne scars. Active Ingredients: Vitamin C, salicylic acid, glucosamine, yeast extract, rice bran extract, gyokuro extract | Skin Type: Dry, combination, oily | Benefits: Gently exfoliates, boosts radiance| Size: 1.7 ounces | Cruelty-Free: No | Brydie Clean: Yes, Jojoba seed oil hydrates without triggering acne. BeautyStat Universal C Skin Refiner, This Vitamin C Serum Sold Out in Less Than 24 Hours and Now I See Why, The Best Vitamin C Serums to Get Your Glow on, Best Classic: This brightening serum contains 15 percent vitamin C, plus a blend of ingredients like kojic acid, bearberry, licorice, and salicylic acid to brighten dark spots while preventing future breakouts. This 3-in-1 cleansing bar works as a cleanser, mask, and exfoliator, boosting the complexion and evening-out tone and texture with azelaic acid, kojic acid, and niacinamide. "So the most common cause of discoloration depends on age, with acne of past reigning supreme in younger patients, UV damage in older patients, and many other factors in between.". This formula contains 15 percent vitamins C and E that are meant to work together, along with natural fruit enzymes, kojic acid, and turmeric, to target and fade dark marks caused by age spots or acne scars. In other words, the choice is yours. How We Picked the 2022 Healthy Beauty Award Winners. SELF may earn a portion of sales from products that are purchased through our site as part of our Affiliate Partnerships with retailers. Active Ingredients: Phenylethyl resorcinol, azelaic acid, and kojic acid | Skin Type: Combination | Benefits: Addresses discoloration, evens skin tone | Size: 1 ounce | Cruelty-Free: Yes | Brydie Clean: Yes, Concentration of retinol works on darker skin tones, Niacinamide fades discoloration while strengthening skin barrier health. Dermatologists might also use a wound-healing serum, or a compound of hyaluronic acid and vitamin C to help with hyperpigmentation, especially in darker skin tones. Thats why youll find it in tons of skin-lightening products. The intense antioxidant properties in this formula noticeably reduce acne spots and scars in 12 weeks (according to the brand), and its gentle enough for daily use. Derm tip: Expect to do three treatments (possibly more) every six weeks with a dermatologist. When using it during the day, be sure to follow it with sunscreen. "Any inflammation in the skin can also lead to a light or dark mark, which can subsequently be worsened following sun exposure," Robert Finney, a board-certified dermatologist at Entire Dermatology in New York City, tells BAZAAR.com. Urban Skin Rx Even Tone Cleansing Bar, The Urban Skin Rx Even Tone Cleansing Bar Made My Skin Glow, Best Splurge: If it does, discontinue use and talk to your dermatologist. Sephora customers are raving about this buzzy dark spot serum from Topicals that aims to fade stubborn acne marks and sun-damaged, uneven skin in just two weeks with daily use. When it comes to dark spot treatments, there are so many skin-care options out there that it can be hard to know where to start. SkinMedica Lytera 2.0 Pigment Correcting Serum, Best Hydroquinone-Free: Antioxidants such as vitamin C decrease inflammation and free radical damage to skin cells to help treat and prevent hyperpigmentation. It also has major soothing properties, with ginger root extract meant to help calm skin and prevent future free radical damage. How to use it: Massage a few drops daily onto cleansed skin, preferably before applying sunscreen in the a.m. If youre out when the sun is highest, seek cool, shaded areas or wear UPF clothing, which helps protect the skin from sun spots. Active Ingredients: Retinol, licorice, niacinamide, ginger root extract | Skin Type: Acne-prone | Benefits: Boosts radiance, treats fine lines and free radical damage | Size: 1 ounce | Cruelty-Free: Yes | Brydie Clean: Yes, Lipo-hydroxyl acid and vitamin C fade discoloration. We also product tested top-rated dark spot correctors, and compiled these research insights to help inform this roundup. What is the best treatment for dark spots? While the product didnt prevent it from forming, it did keep it from growing into an enormous zit like Im used to."

Users report that it noticeably reduces acne scars and sunspots. "Sunscreens that contain iron oxide and carry a tint tend to provide better protection against visible light," Robinson explains. While at-home peels are available, they are more likely to slough off dead skin rather than get deep enough to lighten dark spots, Dr. Jamal adds. Try This Summer Braid Celebs Love, Willow Smith Channels Her Inner Goddess for MUGLER, The 18 Best Dark Spot Correctors for Brighter Skin, The Best Dark Spot Correctors for Brighter, Glowing Skin, Vitamin C + Peptide Hydrating Moisturizer, Rapid Tone Repair Retinol + Vitamin C Dark Spot Corrector, Clinical Grade IPL Dark Spot Correcting Serum, Hyper Even Brightening Dark Spot Vitamin C Serum, Revitalift Bright Reveal Anti-Aging Day Cream SPF 30 Sunscreen, Faded Serum for Dark Spots & Discoloration, Even Better Clinical Radical Dark Spot Corrector + Interrupter Serum. Active Ingredients: Glycolic acid, lactic acid, hyaluronic acid, salicylic acid | Skin Type: Oily | Benefits: Exfoliates and controls blemishes| Size: 4.23 ounces | Cruelty-Free: Yes | Brydie Clean: No. If youre curious about kojic acid, give these top-rated serums a trymany of them contain other hyperpigmentation-reducing ingredients like niacinamide, tranexamic acid, and the aforementioned vitamin C. Soy extract, which is derived from the soybean plant, has been shown to help brighten the skin, Joshua Zeichner, MD, director of cosmetic and clinical research in dermatology at Mount Sinai Hospital in New York City, tells SELF. Look for over-the-counter dark spot correctors containing "topical vitamins, retinol, arbutin, and other antioxidants to repair our aging collagen and elastin," says Madfes. Also, dont expect speedy resultsit can take several months to see improvement of hyperpigmentation with the use of topical kojic acid. Any information published on this website or by this brand is not intended as a substitute for medical advice, and you should not take any action before consulting with a healthcare professional. This best seller from Kiehl's is powered by vitamin C and peony extract to help minimize hyperpigmentation and uneven tone. Anna Harris is an experienced fact-checker and researcher and a beauty writer and editor. Active Ingredients: Peptides, vitamin C, vitamin E, glycolic acid, almond oil, olive oil, and evening primrose oils | Skin Type: Dry, combination, oily | Benefits: Moisturizes, provides sun protection | Size: 1.7 ounces | Cruelty-Free: Yes | Brydie Clean: No. Eden Stuart, Associate Editor, Squalane hydrates skin while promoting cellular turnover. We independently research, test, review, and recommend the best The 58 Best Drugstore Beauty Buys Under $20, All the Amazon Prime Day Skin-Care Deals to Score Before Midnight. How to use it: Daily, with reapplication every two hours if in direct sunlight. Even low levels of UV light exposure add up over a lifetime and can cause dark spots., Alan J. Freckles form as a result of overproduction of melanin due to UV exposure, so yes, bleaching agents can help lighten them as they reduce pigmentation, she explains. Ad Choices, The Dark Spot Treatments That Really Work, According to Dermatologists, This KN95 Protective Mask Is Cute, Comfy, and the Best I've Found, I Was Diagnosed With Monkeypox and the Symptoms Are Pretty Brutal, The Best Hyaluronic Acid Products for Weightless Hydration. Just two to three pumps of this potent, fragrance-free formula, which features 10 percent vitamin C, plus white shiitake mushroom and vegan squalane, is all that's needed for your face and neck. Do dark spot correctors work on freckles? Other factors, like skin irritation as a result of acne, waxing, and harsh scrubs, can also cause dark spots. Board-certified dermatologist Adeline Kikam recommends ingredients like azelaic acid, kojic acid, and niacinamide to address hyperpigmentation in her patients. We conducted hours of research on the best dark spot correctors, and took a few top-rated products out for a spin. The suns ultraviolet radiation can worsen hyperpigmentation. Byrdie takes every opportunity to use high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. But [when done correctly] you will see a brighter complexion by the next week after treatment.. Erica Stevens, a dermatologist at a medical center in Buda, Texas, says one of the most potent brighteners is hydroquinoneavailable over the counter or through a prescription from your dermatologistwhich is the "gold standard" in dark spot correction. At the end of the day, preventionwith sunscreenis key. On a biological level, hydroquinone works by inhibiting an enzyme called tyrosinase, which aids in the production of melanin, Dr. Cook-Bolden says. Jenna Igneri, Product Tester, Niacinamide and tranexamic acid effectively target discoloration, Marine extract blend strengthens skin barrier. Yet, it's gentle enough for sensitive, acne-prone skin. They deliver niacinamide, licorice extract, and tranexamic acid straight to the problem areas meant to visibly fade spots without causing irritation. So whether you're sensitive to hydroquinone or simply don't want to use it on your skin, this serum is a great pick for you. Formulated by a cosmetic chemist with 20 percent pure vitamin C (a beloved radiance-boosting ingredient), this patented serum promises to firm and tighten skin, reduce dark marks and discoloration, and reduce the look of deep lines and wrinkles in most users. Shirazi also recommends products with retinol for fighting dark spots. Ahead, find the best dark spot correctors to fade discoloration for good. Harper's BAZAAR participates in various affiliate marketing programs, which means we may get paid commissions on editorially chosen products purchased through our links to retailer sites. Active Ingredients: Niacinamide, licorice extract, tranexamic acid, vitamin B, mineral oil, hydroquinone | Skin Type: Acne-prone | Benefits: Fades discoloration| Cruelty-Free: Yes | Brydie Clean: No. Tse TW. Common active ingredients in pro-grade peels include glycolic, mandelic, salicylic, and lactic acids, along with trichloroacetic acid. Beauty experts and BAZAAR editors agree: This cult-favorite, fragrance-free dark spot serumwhich is optimized for melanated skinis a must-have in any skin care rotation. Our product testers used spot correctors for several weeks, evaluating their effect on skin, overall results, and value. So what is it exactly? The clock is ticking on these beauty buys from brands like EltaMD and Paula's Choice. Cook-Bolden describes microdermabrasion as a nonchemical procedure thats nonablative, which means it does not destroy skin tissue, and therefore does not require significant recovery time. Microdermabrasion is best for milder hyperpigmentation conditions since the results are modest in terms of improving the appearance of skin discoloration. She does note there is a potential risk of scarring from microneedling services if they are performed too aggressively.

Active Ingredients: L-ascorbic acid (vitamin C), green tea, ECGC, squalane, tartaric acid | Skin Type: All | Benefits: Gently exfoliates, boosts radiance, firms, and tightens skin | Size: 1 ounces | Cruelty-Free: Yes | Brydie Clean: Yes, Vitamin C and salicylic acid target discoloration and cellular turnover. To avoid this, apply hydroquinone sparingly to the center of your spot and feather toward the edges. products. Hydroquinone for skin lightening: safety profile, duration of use and when should we stop? The material on this site may not be reproduced, distributed, transmitted, cached or otherwise used, except with the prior written permission of Cond Nast. Even visible light can increase skin pigmentation. Hyper Clear possesses everything I look for when treating my post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation." Dr. Dennis Gross Skincare Dark Spot Sun Defense, The 12 Sunscreens That Actually Deliver on Their Promises, Best Pads: What ingredients should you look for?

This type of laser will help avoid an inflammatory response, burns, or collateral damage, Dr. Cook-Bolden says. Since consistency is always key when it comes to skincare, the best dark spot corrector is the one you use on a regular basis. Darker-skinned patients may also find that they become more pigmented, she adds. From powerful serums to gentle moisturizers. Fading dark spots, sun spots, age spots, brown patches, melasma, and hyperpigmentation is a common concern, especially among people of color. This treatment contains all three. How to use it: Best applied at night to start, and eventually increased to twice daily for maximum effects. The formula promises to exfoliate dead and damaged skin cells to boost cell turnover and reveal a radiant, more youthful complexion upon waking. Retinols help to brighten the skin and fade pigmentation by renewing skin cells, she says.

Ingredients that work to decrease melanin production or accelerate skin turnover (and thus dispersal of melanin in the skin) are effective in treating hyperpigmentation, explains Kikam. Discover new workout ideas, healthy-eating recipes, makeup looks, skin-care advice, the best beauty products and tips, trends, and more from SELF. Peace Out Microneedling Dark Spot Brightening Dots, What to Look for in a Dark Spot Corrector.

J Dermatolog Treat. For a dark spot corrector that contains vitamin C, consider Hyper Clear Brightening Clearing Vitamin C Serum, a weightless gel serum that fades dark spots and acne scars with a blend of vitamins C and E, natural fruit enzymes, kojic acid, and turmeric. It can also be And for sensitive or combination skin types dealing with hyperpigmentation, acne, or rosacea, a product containing powerful yet gentle azelaic acid is key. Wonderful product!". Cosmeceuticals for hyperpigmentation: what is available. However, it delivers less focused light and may have an unwanted effect on the surrounding skin, especially in darker or tanned skin.. In some cases, the effects of hydroquinone can be seen in as little as two weeks. This correcting serum is gentle enough to use day and night before your moisturizer, and has earned close to a five-star rating from more than 200 satisfied Murad customers. Whether a by-product of an aggressive breakout, sun damage, or a greater skin condition, dark spots and hyperpigmentation are a common issue. Reapplication of your sunscreen every two hourseven if it is labeled all day, 24-hour, waterproof, etc.is necessary, Dr. Cook-Bolden says. PCA Skin HQ-Free Pigment Gel, This PCA Skin Dark Spot Corrector Packs a Punch, Best for Dark Skin: Consider these if youre still figuring out what a diagnosis means for you. Garnier SkinActive Clearly Brighter Dark Spot Corrector, Dark Spots Are a Thing of My Past Thanks to This Drugstore Treatment, Best Drugstore: J Cutan Aesthet Surg. Using patented microneedling technology, these dots gradually fade dark marks when used twice weekly for two consecutive weeks, according to the brand. 2013;6(1):4-11. doi:10.4103/0974-2077.110089, The 9 Best Powder Cleansers for a Customizable Cleansing Experience, This Is How Hyaluronic Acid Interacts With All Your Favorite Skincare Ingredients, 12 Products for the Brightest, Most Even Skin of Your Dreams, The Best Toners Based on Your Skin Type and Concerns, 12 Treatments That Help Fade Even the Most Stubborn Acne Scars, Experts Say These Face Masks Actually Help Heal Acne Scars, The Best Pore Minimizers for a Smooth Complexion, These 14 Exfoliators Are Gentle Enough for Sensitive Skin, The Best Vitamin C Serums to Get Your Glow On, The Best Moisturizers for Rosacea That Keep Flare-Ups at Bay, 12 Powerful Drugstore Vitamin C Serums That Won't Break the Bank, The 13 Best Oil-Free Moisturizers with a Lightweight Finish, The Best Face Serums Worthy of a Spot in Your Skincare Routine, The Best Anti-Aging Serums To Elevate Your Skincare, 10 Drugstore Foundations That Make Even the Driest Skin Look Dewy, We Found the Best Drugstore Face Moisturizers for Every Skin Type. Sunscreens, and particularly physical sunblocks that have either zinc oxide or titanium dioxide, can block out most of the rays that will darken the dark spots.. You might experience a bit of skin purging when first using this product, but your skin should never feel irritated, itchy, or inflamed. Derm tip: Anticipate as many as six treatments (possibly even more) with three to four weeks in between, in-office only. A texture that is more supple and smooth, and a complexion that is radiant and more even. Another added benefit is that vitamin C lightens only targets problem pigmentation areas, not the rest of your skin, Fran E. Cook-Bolden, MD, dermatologist, cosmetic surgeon, and director of Skin Specialty Dermatology, tells SELF. Potent blend of azelaic acid, kojic acid, and niacinamide fades discoloration. According to professionals, there are a number of formulas and ingredients availablefrom retinol to vitamin Cthat help minimize the appearance of dark spots and discoloration. You can find this ingredient over the counter in concentrations of 2% or less, whereas the prescription has 4% or greater. Ask your dermatologist or laser technician whether the laser they're using treats at a rapid rate with a focused beam, like The Lightpod Neolaser by Aerolase. Urban Skin Rxs Even Tone Cleansing Bar is our best overall pick for its dermatologist recommended formula containing active fading ingredients, azelaic acid, kojic acid, and niacinamide.

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