to find distance by leveling ma

2021/05/21

How to find distance by leveling machine, theodolite and tachometer, Process of design of Column Footings Foundation Design, How to avoid Honeycombing in RCC Structures, Download the details for reinforcement steel, In What Way to Find and Calculate Steel Quantity in Beam, How to calculate the quantity of sand & aggregate in different type of truck, dumper or haiwa, Different Types Of Beams In Civil Engineering. So it is supported from both the ends, and it is the most basic type of beam. Thats all the information we need. In this post, you will get to know the method of how to calculate the beam depth before designing a beam for 2 to 3 storey building design plans or multi-storey building design plans. If your beam is not going to be fully restrained and the beam is only restrained at its supports, you can select, Unrestrained the beam is only restrained at its support. Recommended value from EN 1990:2002+A1 Eurocode Basis of structural design (UK National annex) is 1.5 and our Calculator defaults to this. If the load on your beam is a Point Load, you will need to enter the dimension between the Point Load and the end of the beam, as well as its Permanent and Variable load. Now check it, Effective depth of beam d = 5000/20=250mm. According to our beam span chart resource, the span of a beam is dependent on a few variables: the species of lumber, size of lumber, and the load it carries. Depth and width of continuous beam:- continuous beam with 5m span, 9 thick Brick wall, using thumb rule, beam depth shold be 225mm and width 225mm, beam size 99 (225mm 225mm) using 4nos of 16mm bar of Fe500 steel with minimum M20 grade of concrete and stirrups [emailprotected]C/C. It is only classed Copyright 2022 Trex Company, Inc. All rights reserved. Another benefit to steel framing is that the material is non-flammable and many insurance companies offer a discounted rate for steel deck framing. 6.1) Variable Load Deflection Limit A Beam is an essential slanted or horizontal element of the structure. Standard size of concrete beam not be less than 99 (225mm 225mm) provided with 4 nos of 12mm of Fe500 steel and m20 grade of concrete with stirrup [emailprotected]C/C. ). This makes for a more attractive, unobstructed view from your front windows. So width of beam taken as 225mm least. If there is more than one restraint, you will need to add these as well. Our calculator assumes by default that the beam is ideal: to change the value of the beam quality factor, click advanced mode: the variable will appear among the others. for commonly used items. We calculate spot size of a Gaussian beam with the equation: Notice that SSS is the diameter of the spot. In order to correctly calculate the necessary amount of beams we have developed a calculator, which will help you quickly and easily calculate the spacing and type of the beam depending on the span and load. For instance: In case the beams length is 12 ft then beams depth must be 12 inches. As a result, the beams depth is going to be 16.40 inches. Therefore, in case the beams length is 15 feet, in that case the depth is going to be 15 inches. This span-to-depth calculator estimates a beam depth that should satisfy If youve ever seen a piece of wood left out in the weather for any period of time, you know what happens: decay. and editing concrete beams". of bars taking into account the slab load(DL &LL). When all the cells are filled, you may view the results. Calculation of minimum size of RCC beam as per IS 456 2000, Beam depth formula for cantilever beam is L/7 (span to effective depth of beam ratio is 7) , L/20 for simply supported beam and L/26 for continuous beam. Span of continuous beam = 5000mm Width of beam = D/1.5, 300/1.5 = 200mm, so width of beam should be not less than 200mm in case of Block wall and 225mm in case of Brick wall. Change), You are commenting using your Facebook account. Just brush the concepts once and start with the given process. You do not need to add the weight of the steel beam itself, our calculator automatically does this. (LogOut/ You can set a Total depth D = 192mm +16/2mm +25mm You can also join us through our social media handles on Instagram and Facebook for getting daily doses of information related to impressive structures and their concepts. of all the steel beam sizes that are suitable for your requirements. Refer also to the deflection diagrams in "Creating If you're not sure what beam size to use, just allow the steel beam calculator to select the beam size for you. Now we can check depth of beam = 1/42000= 500 > 300, yes it is safe. Now you just have to press the Run Calculation button From a safety perspective, youll need as many beams as possible to securely support the entire deck structure. Allowable L = 25 bAllowable L= 100 b2 / dTake the least value of LIf beam span is less than L allowable, then the beam will be safe from lateral stability or buckling. Where,b = width of beamd = effective depth of the beam, Allowable L = 60 bAllowable L = 60 x 200Allowable L = 12000 mm = 12 mAndAllowable L = 250 b2 / dAllowable L = 250 x 2002 / 285Allowable L = 35087.7 mm = 35.087 mTherefore,Allowable L = 12 mHere, Allowable L = 12 m > 5m, SAFE. Our calculator is designed to be easy to use but it does require some understanding of steel beams and Usually, the answer is no. How to calculate the spot size of a Gaussian beam. We also have a list of Standard permanent loads At the support section, hogging and torsional bending moments are maximum. Thank you so much for this valuable information! For given span of beam =6m =6000mm, beam depth for simply supported beam is L/20, effective depth should be 6000/20 =300 mm, overall Depth = 300 +16/2+25 = 333mm, it should be taken depth as 350mm, width = 350/1.5= 233mm, which is taken as 10 (250mm), so beam size for 6m span is 1014 (250mm 350mm) in which depth of beam is 350mm and width is 250mm, using 2nos of reinforcement size T16 at top and 2nos of reinforcement size T16 at bottom of Fe 500 used with m20 grade of concrete with stirrups of [emailprotected]C/C with clear cover 25mm. If you need to know more, please call 01332 410066 for help. Learn how install them at Decks.com. 6.2) Total Variable and Permanent Load Deflection Limit The beams which may be used are marked in green, and in red those of which either load carrying capacity or allowable deflections do not correspond the parameters you entered. Our lensmaker equation calculator will tell you the parameters to fabricate the perfect lens in a few clicks. The unit of measure with regard to length is feet as well as the unit of measure with regard to depth is inches. You can design it with the help of beam design formula and concrete beam design calculator. For given span of beam =8m =7000mm, beam depth for simply supported beam is L/20, effective depth should be 8000/20 =400 mm, overall Depth = 400 +16/2+25 = 433mm, it should be taken depth as 450mm, width = 450/1.5= 300mm, which is taken as 12 (300mm), so beam size for 8m span is 1218 (300mm 450mm) in which depth of beam is 450mm and width is 300mm, using 2nos of reinforcement size T16 at top, 2nos of reinforcement size T16 at bottom and 2nos of T12 as crank bar of Fe 500 used with m20 grade of concrete with stirrups of [emailprotected]C/C with clear cover 25mm. For this reason, its important to calculate how many beams (and concrete footings to secure each beam) your deck will need. Apart from it, you can easily create a beam design from the concrete beam design formula, available on various sites. Recommended value from EN 1990:2002+A1 Eurocode Basis of structural design (UK National annex) is 1.35 and our Calculator defaults to this. Beam depth for 5m span:- according to general Thumb Rule for residential building, beam depth for 5m span should be 300mm,minimum beam size for 5m span is 912 (225mm 300mm) in which depth of beam is 300mm and width is 225mm, using 2nos of reinforcement size T16 at top and 2nos of reinforcement size T16 at bottom of Fe 500 used with m20 grade of concrete with stirrups of [emailprotected]C/C with clear cover 25mm For what reason Steels are Tied/Bind with Binding Wire? We can always take the standard size of the concrete beam at least 230 mm x 230 mm (9 x 9).

Need professional help to build your deck? Width of beam = Depth/1.5 ( width of beam should not be less than 200 mm). This is the effective span length of the beam, the distance from the centre of one end bearing to the centre of the other end bearing. Informative article, I an electrical engineer, but find this beam theory an interesting. Total depth D = 285mm +16/2mm +25mm That code addresses structural arrangements, members, as well as connections in conjunction with precast, cast-in-place, plain, prestressed, non prestressed, as well as composite construction offers least prerequisites with regard to the materials. You need to know what type of load your beam will be supporting. Whether through wet rot, insect damage, or mildew, the fibers begin to break down. These beams have proved to be an irreplaceable construction material for building construction in North America and gradually have started to conquer also the European market. Universal Beams and Universal Span of cantilever beam = 2000mm Width of beam = D/1.5, 325/1.5 = 216mm, so width of beam should be not less than 200mm in case of Block wall and 225mm in case of Brick wall. For example, if you are using the beam to span above bi-fold doors you may need to set a lower limit, or if the beam is going to be used as a structural ridge beam the variable load deflection should not normally exceed 10mm. Hope this information on calculating the RCC beam size will help you in preparation and study of structure analysis. limit for how much it can sag under Variable Loads usually things that can How do you calculate the dimensions of beam and no. Sitemap | Privacy Policy | Copyright constructioncivilengineering.com, How to calculate the cement, sand quantity for plastering, Difference between Pretension and Post Tension, Bar Bending Schedule for steel and building reinforcement, Synopsis of Bill of Quantities (Civil Works), Useful information about Staircase and their details. Select the steel grade you wish to use, new UK steel is usually S355 grade, older steel is often S275 grade. The spot size can't be reduced arbitrarily. Total depth D= 283mm, It should be taken as 300mm. On the flipside, Pinewoods are only available in Southern and Eastern regions of the country. Find the focal length that allows you to achieve the desired beam spot size, or input the depth of focus to calculate the focal length. for commonly used items, such as clay tiles and rafters. Once you have chosen the right shape of beam, select its dimensions (Depth, Width and Weight) from the Dropdown Menu. Your beams will need to bear the load of not only your decking materials, but additional components of the frame itself. Total depth of beam = effective depth + diameter of bar/2 + clear cover size. the width to depth ratio should be more than 0.3 ( width/depth > 0.3). Installing wood deck posts on top of concrete footings will provide additional support for your deck. We will be pleased to get your valuable feedbacks. In optics, the length at which the beam still maintains a high degree of coherence and focusing is the depth of focus. Beam depth for 9m span: according to general Thumb Rule for residential building with rcc column, beam depth for 9m span should be 500mm,minimum beam size for 9m span is 1220 (300mm 500mm) in which depth of beam is 500mm and width is 300mm, using 2nos of reinforcement size T16 at top, 2nos of reinforcement size T16 at bottom and 2nos of T12 as Crank bar of Fe 500 used with m20 grade of concrete with stirrups of [emailprotected]C/C with clear cover 25mm as desine structure, height of building and load applied on it. The beam is an integral part of the structure. as desine structure, height of building and load applied on it. In accordance with ACI 318-14 code the beams length is on a par with beams depth. Width of beam = D/1.5, 225/1.5 = 150mm, so width of beam should be not less than 200mm in case of Block wall and 225mm in case of Brick wall. Total depth = effective depth + diameter of bar/2 + clear cover size. Learn what factors affect the costs of decking and patios. We recommend this is usually span/200, however, some engineers recommend span/250. Join us to know, learn, analyse, design and plan beautiful structures. Lintel Beam: it is an integral part of the structure which prevent door frame or window frame corners from cracks.The minimum thickness of the lintel beam is 150 mm. Beam depth to span ratio:- Calculation of minimum size of RCC beam as per IS 456 2000, for cantilever beam span to effective depth of beam ratio is 7, 20 for simply supported beam and 26 for continuous beam. Terms of use. Width/depth =225/325 =0.69 > 0.3, it is safe Steel framing materials, are machine-made, making each beam an exact replica of the beams on either side of it. B) depth of beam shall not be exceeded One by fourth (1/4) of clear span. So width of beam taken as 225mm least. Still, as a structural engineer, you must know the beam design formula and their design procedure and have a proper understanding of basic physics principles and engineering statics, as they are significant for designing and sizing beams. Beam experience bending moment and resist the load applied to it by slab.

Under the design basis, A structure is made from different kind of beams, few of them are here: It helps to distribute all structure loads properly and prevent the structure from collapsing. Hi Beam depth for 8m span:- according to general Thumb Rule for residential building with rcc column, beam depth for 8m span should be 450mm,minimum beam size for 8m span is 1218 (300mm 450mm) in which depth of beam is 450mm and width is 300mm, using 2nos of reinforcement size T16 at top, 2nos of reinforcement size T16 at bottom and 2nos of T12 as Crank bar of Fe 500 used with m20 grade of concrete with stirrups of [emailprotected]C/C with clear cover 25mm as desine structure, height of building and load applied on it. So get ready to build up your strong structure knowledge with us. The nature of the Gaussian beam causes it to focus not in a point but in a spot: the lens modifies (compresses) the beam, which, however, retains all its features. in the top toolbar, via the "Span to Depth Calculator" button Calculation of minimum size of RCC beam as per IS 456 2000, span to effective depth of beam ratio is 7 for cantilever beam, 20 for simply supported beam and 26 for continuous beam. Let clear span of cantilever beam = 2m = 2000mm FIXED BEAM- Fixed-beam has strong support from both the ends due to which it opposes any rotation, on either column or wall. Find the best deck builders near you and get a quote.

If you choose one of these types, you can select the Loading Details from the Dropdown Menu (e.g. Beam depth for 6m span:- according to general Thumb Rule for residential building, beam depth for 6m span should be 350mm,minimum beam size for 6m span is 1014 (250mm 350mm) in which depth of beam is 350mm and width is 250mm, using 2nos of reinforcement size T16 at top and 2nos of reinforcement size T16 at bottom of Fe 500 used with m20 grade of concrete with stirrups of [emailprotected]C/C with clear cover 25mm or IS456:2000 clause 23.2. What you need to know to use this calculator a step-by-step guide. For example, if the clear distance between supports is 3m and the beam has a minimum end bearing length of 0.1m at both ends, you would work out the effective span length as follows: 2.1) Steel beam shape and size Assume clear cover size = 25mm Unlike wood, steel beams are not susceptible to the elements and wont warp over time. 1.1) Steel beam span length The distribution of bending moments along the length of the beam affects it buckling capacity, C1 is a factor for the shape of the bending moment between points of lateral restraint, for a beam with only uniformly distributed loads along its full length C1 can be taken as 1.13, for more information see SCI Publication P360. Effective depth of beam d = 2000/7=285mm. If you have your heart set on a specific type of wood that isnt locally available, that wood can be shipped to you via a supplier. 30cmx90cm beam size is ok or not. Depth and width of simply supported beam:- simply supported beam with 5m span, 9 thick Brick wall, using thumb rule, beam depth shold be 300mm and width 225mm, beam size 912 (225mm 300mm) using 4nos of 16mm bar of Fe500 steel with minimum M20 grade of concrete and stirrups [emailprotected]C/C. (width & depth ratio is ok ? (Be sure to have your joist span calculations ready to enter for an accurate reading and check out our concrete calculator to determine the size of your footings.). In the calculations all the permanent loads are multiplied by this safety factor to ensure a safe design. Effective depth = span/basic value Depth and width of cantilever beam:- cantilever beam with 2m span, 9 thick Brick wall, using thumb rule, beam depth shold be 325mm and width 225mm, beam size 913 (225mm 325mm) using 4nos of 16mm bar of Fe500 steel with minimum M20 grade of concrete and stirrups [emailprotected]C/C. The beam is a structural element that transfers all the dead load, the live load of the slab to the column. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); Click to share on Facebook (Opens in new window), Click to share on WhatsApp (Opens in new window), Click to share on Twitter (Opens in new window), Click to share on LinkedIn (Opens in new window), Click to email this to a friend (Opens in new window), HOW TO CALCULATE BEAM SIZE USING BEAM DESIGNFORMULA, HOW TO CALCULATE RCC SLAB SIZE Eye on structures, Follow EYE ON STRUCTURES on WordPress.com, SIMPLY SUPPORTED BEAM- It is the type of beam which is loose to rotate because its one end is roller support, whereas the other end has pinned support. Change), You are commenting using your Twitter account. How to compute for reinforcement steel bar unit weight? While joists provide a horizontal support system for deck boards, beams provide support for the joists. How to design a beam which is required to support another beam guide. A) the width to depth ratio should be more than 0.3 ( width/depth > 0.3). You can use our beam spot size calculator in reverse too! Our calculator defaults to "Universal Beams" but you can also choose "Universal Columns" and "Parallel Flange Channels" as well. weight of the floor or a wall. Now check it, If youre building a deck, wood isnt your only option for beams. 1) Calculation of depth and width of simply supported beam:-. Our Calculator defaults to the recommended Beam depth to width ratio:- as per IS 13920 Furthermore, the size of the beam depends on span and type of load on beam. The width to depth ratio should be more than 0.3. We all know that calculating beam size is essential and indispensable while designing a building. By that valuable construction video guide, the well-known civil engineer Ankit Sukraliya, educates the civil engineering students in what way to find out the beams depth by means of thumb rule as well as with accordance to the ACI 318-14 code. Permanent loads (also known as dead loads) are usually things that do not change, such as the weight of the floor or a wall. You can design it with the help ofbeam design formulaandconcrete beam design calculator. We all know thatcalculating beam sizeis essential and indispensable while designing a house. 3) Calculation of depth and width of continuous beam:-. Apart from it, you can easily create a beam design from the concretebeam design calculator, available on various sites. 4.1) You need to know if the beam is going to be Fully Restrained along its length. If the beam is restrained at points along its length, for example where another beam is fixed at right angles to the beam along its length. The use of these continuous beams is mostly in, OVERHANGING BEAM It is also a type of beam used in the. They make for a stronger, straighter, safer, and smarter alternative to wood substructures and may be more economical in the long-run. For given span of beam =10m =10000mm, beam depth for simply supported beam is L/20, effective depth should be 10000/20 =500 mm, overall Depth = 500 +16/2+25 = 533mm, it should be taken depth as 600mm, width = 600/1.5= 400mm, which is taken as 12 (300mm), so beam size for 10m span is 1224 (300mm 600mm) in which depth of beam is 600mm and width is 300mm, using 2nos of reinforcement size T16 at top, 2nos of reinforcement size T16 at bottom and 2nos of T12 as crank bar of Fe 500 used with m20 grade of concrete with stirrups of [emailprotected]C/C with clear cover 25mm. For details on how to calculate the load widths, see our Examples Page and Diagrams showing how to calculate load widths. Thank you, we really appreciate your help. Coherence, both temporal and spatial, is lost, and the light resembles more and more a "normal" beam. Columns both have a distinctive "I" shape but whereas the depth and width are very similar in Universal Columns, the depth is always noticeably greater than the Decks vs Patios: Cost, Pros, Cons, & Comparisons. In this post, you will get to know the method of how to calculate the beam size before designing a beam for2 to 3 storey building design plansormulti-storey building design plans. In order to change the result we recommend changing the beam spacing. Normally this is restricted to span/360, however there are exceptions. Diagrams showing how to calculate load widths, Standard permanent loads The Sellmeier dispersion formula is one of the methods that need the light of a specific wavelength, and we have a tool dedicated to that topic! To calculate this value, substitute M2M^2M2 with the ideal value 111 in the equation above. To get update of latest post signup below by giving you email address. If you are using the auto select feature, you will be shown a list A 90 feet guard wall.of residential building how much tmt bar is needed for tie beam. Discover all the comparisons factors to help you choose the right space for your home with Decks.com. "Sloping roof with an angle of up to 30 degrees or timber floor in a domestic dwelling" and then enter the Width or Height of the load (use "other" if you can't see an option that describes the nature of your load.). If you need to work out the point load from a beam which is going to be supported by another beam, please see our How to design a beam which is required to support another beam guide. Here is some example with the formula which tells you how to calculate the size of the beam. How to focus a beam to achieve the desired beam spot size; How to calculate a Gaussian beam spot size after focusing it with a lens; How to obtain the minimum spot size of a Gaussian beam; The equation for the depth of focus: calculate the useful propagation length of a Gaussian beam. By clicking FIND A BUILDER, you acknowledge that you have read Trex's Privacy Policy. You can also select hollow sections and European sections. In the calculations all the imposed loads are multiplied by this safety factor to ensure a safe design. At CivilSir, we share all the information related to civil engineering. Change). Diameter of bar =16mm. Beam depth for 5m, 6m, 7m, 8m, 9m and 10m span & formula, hi guys in this article we know about calculation of beam depth | beam depth for 5m span | beam depth for 6m span | beam depth for 7m span | beam depth for 8m span | beam depth for 9m span | beam depth for 10m span | beam depth formula | beam depth to span ratio | beam depth to width ratio | How to calculate depth and width of beam? Depth of beam shall not be exceeded of the clear span. Its important to choose a strong, dense wood for your beams. Let clear span of continuous beam = 5m = 5000mm Copyright 2022 CivilSir Beam depth for 3m to 4m span:- according to general Thumb Rule for residential building with rcc column, beam depth for 3m to 4m span should be 9 (225mm), minimum beam size 99 (225mm 225mm) is applicable, using 2nos of reinforcement size T12 at top and 2nos of reinforcement size T12 at bottom of Fe 500 used with m20 grade of concrete with stirrups of [emailprotected]C/C with clear cover 25mm,as desine structure, height of building and load applied on it. Manager" tool or via the "Concrete Span-to-Depth Calculators" 3.1) Uniformly Distributed Loads and Partial Uniformly Distributed Loads Now we can check depth of beam = 1/45000= 1250 > 300, yes it is safe. Now we can check depth of beam = 1/45000= 1250 > 300, yes it is safe. Scientists often use lasers for materials characterization in their studies. change, such as people or furniture and under Permanent Loads, such as the Gaussian beams are particular modes of propagation of a light beam with a characteristic minimum spot size (waist): with our beam spot size calculator, you will learn how a lens intercepting a collimated Gaussian beam can focus it to a small beam spot size. Still, as a structural engineer, you must know thebeam design formulaand their design procedure and have a proper understanding of basic physics principles and engineering statics, as they are significant for designing and sizing beams. Three tiers of premium composite and aluminum deck and porch railing provide low-maintenance options for all tastes and budgets. Use this calculator to find out the beam span and deck footing size for your project. However, from an aesthetic perspective, youll want to have as few beams as possible since they will be visible from your ground floor and can obstruct views. Where do we base the span of the beam, is it the clear span or the effective length (Le) ? shape. You Can Follow me on Facebook and Subscribe our Youtube Channel, 1)what is concrete and its types and properties, 2) concrete quantity calculation for staircase and its formula. You can also enter a buckling length, for example where the ends of the beams are not fully restrained you can input a buckling length that is greater than the effective span, for more information on buckling lengths please refer to SCI Publication P360. For designing the beam, beam depth should be not only depending on span of beam but it is also depending on height of column for a structure and dead and live load of building acting on it with slenderness ratio. You can get to it by clicking the "Concrete Design/Check" button For given span of beam =9m =9000mm, beam depth for simply supported beam is L/20, effective depth should be 9000/20 =450 mm, overall Depth = 450 +16/2+25 = 483mm, it should be taken depth as 500mm, width = 500/1.5=333 mm, which is taken as 12 (300mm), so beam size for 9m span is 1220 (300mm 500mm) in which depth of beam is 500mm and width is 300mm, using 2nos of reinforcement size T16 at top, 2nos of reinforcement size T16 at bottom and 2nos of T12 as crank bar of Fe 500 used with m20 grade of concrete with stirrups of [emailprotected]C/C with clear cover 25mm. If you have any doubts in solving problems of calculating the RCC beam size or any fundamental topics related to structural analysis, then feel free to write to me! Width/depth =225/225 =1 > 0.3, it is safe L BEAM- Beams are cast uniformly on one side of the slabs of the rib are called L- Beams. Allowable L = 60 bAllowable L= 250. b^2 / dTake the least value of LIf beam span is less than L allowable, then the beam will be safe from lateral stability or buckling. In contrast, Parallel Flange Channels have a C Fill in your details below or click an icon to log in: You are commenting using your WordPress.com account. (LogOut/ You have taken beam width 30 cm and depth 90 cm, which fulfils the criteria. SIA I-beams produce laminated I-type wood (double-T) beams. The wavelength of the light and the focal length of the lens defines the beam spot at the diffraction limit. being where a steel beam is cast into a concrete floor. The depth of the beam increases or decreases according to their span and applied load on the beam. Beam depth for 10m span:- according to general Thumb Rule for residential building with rcc column, beam depth for 10m span should be 600mm,minimum beam size for 10m span is 1224 (300mm 600mm) in which depth of beam is 600mm and width is 300mm, using 2nos of reinforcement size T16 at top, 2nos of reinforcement size T16 at bottom and 2nos of T12 as Crank bar of Fe 500 used with m20 grade of concrete with stirrups of [emailprotected]C/C with clear cover 25mm as desine structure, height of building and load applied on it. So width of beam taken as 225mm least. The beam is a flexural structural member of concrete that transfers verticaly all the dead load, the live load of the slab to the column. Total depth = effective depth + diameter of bar/2 + clear cover size. A structural engineer has complete knowledge and is fully equipped to choose the material, size and shape accordingly and check the loads acting on a beam, calculate the forces and stresses on the structure. A Deflection Limit is the maximum amount you allow the beam to sag. For designing the beam, it is essential to know how to calculate the beam size, load calculation and grade of concrete and grade of steel. So if you are a civil engineering student this is the best platform where you can improve your knowledge.