Torres-Espinola FJ, Berglund SK,

2021/05/21

Torres-Espinola FJ, Berglund SK, Garca-Valds LM, Segura MT, Jerez A, Campos D, et al. This study examines the associations between fish oil supplementation both before pregnancy and throughout pregnancy and subsequent child development. In utero exposure to omega-3 fatty acids is exclusively dependent on maternal nutrition. Uauy R, Mena P, Wegher B, Nieto S, Salem N. Long chain polyunsaturated fatty acid formation in neonates: effect of gestational age and intrauterine growth.

Cowan N. Working Memory Underpins Cognitive Development, Learning, and Education. Each of the ten imputed datasets were analyzed and the resultant data were then pooled to achieve complete analyses. Phillips MA, Childs CE, Calder PC, Rogers PJ. (14) Suggested mechanisms include differences among rates of -oxidation, adipose tissue composition, and sex hormone function between the genders. Bhatia HS, Agrawal R, Sharma S, Huo YX, Ying Z, Gomez-Pinilla F. Omega-3 fatty acid deficiency during brain maturation reduces neuronal and behavioral plasticity in adulthood. Five developmental domains were assessed: fine motor, gross motor, communication, personal-social functioning, and problem solving. Sex differences in the relationship of dietary Fatty acids to cognitive measures in american children. Meldrum S, Dunstan JA, Foster JK, Simmer K, Prescott SL. However, because many of the mothers were likely to supplement during both timeframes, precision was reduced and the findings did not reach statistical significance in models among mothers who only supplemented prior to pregnancy (4%) or only during pregnancy (8%) after excluding those who supplemented both before and during (7%). (60, 61) The American food industry has become much more reliant on processed foods which are often void of n-3 due to the desire for increased shelf life. The studys design of oversampling based on infertility treatment and multiples was accounted for by the use of sampling weights, which were derived from New York state birth certificate data, in the analyses. Obesity: preventing and managing the global epidemic. Cognitive assessment of children at age 2(1/2) years after maternal fish oil supplementation in pregnancy: a randomised controlled trial. (74) A recent prospective cohort identified a temporary increase in child neurodevelopment followed by an accelerated decline in these skills among children born to obese mothers, suggesting a dynamic temporal association. Furthermore, while intermittent interactions were also observed at 30 months with fine motor and overall fails, no other interactions were detected at additional time points. On average, 23% of children failed each domain. Secondary analyses were suggestive of a positive relationship between fish oil supplementation and personal-social and problem solving skills among female children only.

In total, 5034 mothers were recruited, including mothers of singletons, twins and higher order births. Jacobson JL, Jacobson SW, Muckle G, Kaplan-Estrin M, Ayotte P, Dewailly E. Beneficial effects of a polyunsaturated fatty acid on infant development: evidence from the inuit of arctic Quebec. Dunstan JA, Simmer K, Dixon G, Prescott SL. with the Bayley Scales of Infant Development II in a low-risk sample. Hibbeln JR, Davis JM, Steer C, Emmett P, Rogers I, Williams C, et al. In addition, we investigate any divergences in these impacts among singletons and twins. Docosahexaenoic Acid and Cognition throughout the Lifespan. Saccone G, Saccone I, Berghella V. Omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids and fish oil supplementation during pregnancy: which evidence? and transmitted securely. The ASQ-2nd edition was used to screen the children at 46, 8, and 12 months of age. Measuring socioeconomic status in studies of child development. Both infants and the elderly are vulnerable populations with regard to many exposures. Maternal consumption of a DHA-containing functional food benefits infant sleep patterning: an early neurodevelopmental measure. Careers. Benefits of docosahexaenoic acid, folic acid, vitamin D and iodine on foetal and infant brain development and function following maternal supplementation during pregnancy and lactation. Long-chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFA) are essential lipids involved in neurologic functions including: maintaining membrane fluidity(6), myelination(7), gene expression, signal transduction, and neural growth. The polyunsaturated fatty acids, EPA and DPA exert a protective effect in the hippocampus of the aged rat. Effects of prenatal fish-oil and 5-methyltetrahydrofolate supplementation on cognitive development of children at 6.5 y of age. Wadhawan R, Oh W, Vohr BR, Wrage L, Das A, Bell EF, et al. Stonehouse W. Does consumption of LC omega-3 PUFA enhance cognitive performance in healthy school-aged children and throughout adulthood? However, our analyses were strengthened by the notable sample size of greater than 4,800 mother-child pairs. (2830) The mixed results may be attributed, in part, to high attrition rates, lack of statistical power, diverse study designs, and varying time points for outcome assessment. Morris MC, Evans DA, Bienias JL, Tangney CC, Bennett DA, Wilson RS, et al. (33) Additionally, to further investigate temporal relationships, an interaction term between the time of the ASQ and fish oil supplementation status was tested in all models. Schlotz W, Phillips DI.

Singletons who were not conceived through infertility treatments were frequency matched on geographic residence and recruited at a ratio of 3:1 to those infants who were exposed to infertility treatment. Regardless of the means of conception, all multiple births were recruited. Huffman SL, Harika RK, Eilander A, Osendarp SJ. The literature as a whole is lacking consistent epidemiological evidence with numerous studies failing to observe child impacts stemming from in utero n-3 PUFA exposure. Primary analyses showed that the risk of failing the ASQ problem solving domain was significantly lower among children of women who took fish oil before pregnancy (OR 0.40, 95% CI: 0.18 0.89) and during pregnancy (OR 0.43, 95% CI: 0.22 0.83). emzor 1000mg omega yaoota ngn (55) n-3 PUFA supplementation has been shown to improve synaptic plasticity, learning, and memory in matured rats. An official website of the United States government. At four months postpartum, mothers completed a self-administered questionnaire which inquired about their prior pregnancy with the participating child. will also be available for a limited time. Dyall SC, Michael GJ, Michael-Titus AT. Similarly, associations were primarily among singletons. Interaction terms were tested for between fish oil supplementation during pregnancy and gender as well as supplementation and plurality. However, in gender stratified analyses, the risk of failing both the problem solving (OR 0.17, 95% CI: 0.03 0.95) and the personal-social (OR 0.33, 95% CI: 0.12 0.95) domains were significantly lower among girls whose mothers used fish oil supplementation but not in boys (OR 0.64; 95% CI: 0.301.36), when adjusted for sociodemographic factors. Grandjean P, Landrigan PJ. (62) In developing countries, access to food sources rich in n-3 PUFA is limited due to geographic as well as economic challenges. Randomized controlled trial of maternal omega-3 long-chain PUFA supplementation during pregnancy and early childhood development of attention, working memory, and inhibitory control. Human placental transcriptome shows sexually dimorphic gene expression and responsiveness to maternal dietary n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid intervention during pregnancy. Gender differences in the n-3 fatty acid content of tissues. WHO. Independent of dietary intake, females typically have greater blood lipid concentrations of DHA than males. Campoy C, Escolano-Margarit MV, Ramos R, Parrilla-Roure M, Csbi G, Beyer J, et al. To our knowledge, no studies have examined the impact of prenatal n-3 PUFA supplementation on the neurodevelopment of twins. (4) Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), the two most biologically active n-3 PUFAs(8), are nutrients vital for optimal growth and development during the fetal and early postnatal stages of life. However, a consensus regarding n-3 PUFA supplementation and aforementioned benefits has not been reached. Maternal Fish Oil Supplementation Affects the Social Behavior, Brain Fatty Acid Profile, and Sickness Response of Piglets. Arterburn LM, Hall EB, Oken H. Distribution, interconversion, and dose response of n-3 fatty acids in humans. (63) Moreover, pregnant women have been advised to limit seafood consumption to reduce fetal exposure to chemical pollutants commonly present such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and methylmercury(18, 64), both of which are known neurotoxicants that cross the placenta. (34, 35) In the Upstate KIDS Study, children were evaluated at 46, 8, 12, 18, 24, 30, and 36 months of age utilizing the ASQ. Ghassabian A, Sundaram R, Bell E, Bello SC, Kus C, Yeung E. Gross Motor Milestones and Subsequent Development. Morse NL. All infants with birth certificates indicating conception by way of infertility treatment were recruited to participate in the study. (10, 11) In response to increased fetal demands, maternal adipose deposits release stored fatty acids into the bloodstream at an enhanced rate during the final trimester, suggesting adequate n-3 PUFA intake is important in the time preceding conception as well as during pregnancy. Weiser MJ, Butt CM, Mohajeri MH. The Upstate KIDS Study is a population-based birth cohort in New York State (excluding the five New York City boroughs) originally designed to examine the impact of infertility treatment on child growth and development. Barker DJ, Clark PM. The new PMC design is here! When conducting primary analyses, one child was randomly selected from each twin pair and included with the eligible singletons (n = 4843). Socioeconomic disadvantage and neural development from infancy through early childhood. (31) Additionally, multiples are known to be at increased risk of neurodevelopmental delays due to the elevated likelihood of adverse health outcomes such as low birth weight.(32). Kobayashi K. Role of catecholamine signaling in brain and nervous system functions: new insights from mouse molecular genetic study. (9) Perinatal brain maturation reaches its peak growth rate during the third trimester of gestation(6), requiring rapid DHA accretion into retinal and neural tissues. Previous studies have suggested that prenatal fish oil supplementation has positive impacts on child neurodevelopment later in life. The influence of long chain polyunsaturate supplementation on docosahexaenoic acid and arachidonic acid in baboon neonate central nervous system. Karr JE, Alexander JE, Winningham RG. Cheatham CL, Colombo J, Carlson SE. Specifically, it is associated with a lower risk of failing the problem solving domain up to 3 years of age. FOIA Takeuchi T, Fukumoto Y, Harada E. Influence of a dietary n-3 fatty acid deficiency on the cerebral catecholamine contents, EEG and learning ability in rat. To account for repeated ASQ measures of development, an infant-level random intercept was included in all models. We were unable to detect a significant statistical interaction for supplementation during pregnancy and gender. Mother-child pairs from the Upstate KIDS Study, a birth cohort consisting of children born between 2008 and 2010, were included. Prenatal DHA status and neurological outcome in children at age 5.5 years are positively associated. (57) In humans, increased fish consumption and n-3 PUFA intake has been associated with a decreased risk of developing Alzheimers disease (58), although this association is not unanimously supported (59). Furthermore, our findings suggest that female children experienced the greatest benefit from maternal supplementation with lower risks of personal-social and problem solving deficits significantly correlated to prenatal fish oil exposure. Sedlmeier EM, Brunner S, Much D, Pagel P, Ulbrich SE, Meyer HH, et al. Confounders were selected a priori based on previously described associations with the exposure and child developmental deficits (e.g., educational achievement(38), income(39), and maternal smoking during pregnancy(40)). Gow RV, Hibbeln JR. Omega-3 fatty acid and nutrient deficits in adverse neurodevelopment and childhood behaviors. In total, the analyses encompassed 4843 mother-child pairs with baseline characteristics displayed in Table 1. Neither did an interaction between supplementation and plurality reach statistical significance.

Gould JF, Smithers LG, Makrides M. The effect of maternal omega-3 (n-3) LCPUFA supplementation during pregnancy on early childhood cognitive and visual development: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. No Effect of Omega-3 Fatty Acid Supplementation on Cognition and Mood in Individuals with Cognitive Impairment and Probable Alzheimers Disease: A Randomised Controlled Trial. PMC legacy view The ASQ users guide for the Ages & Stages Questionnaire: a parent-completed, child-monitoring system. Clandinin MT, Chappell JE, Leong S, Heim T, Swyer PR, Chance GW. Self-reported prenatal fish oil supplementation data was available for 5,845 children (3807 singletons and 2038 twins). Mother-child pairs were excluded from this analysis if the maternal questionnaire, which captured self-reported exposure information, was not completed. Compared to singletons, twins typically have a higher rate of neurodevelopmental deficits mainly due in part to factors such as low birth weight, smaller gestational age, higher maternal age and socioeconomic status. The hippocampus, frontal lobes, and basal ganglia of the brain, areas that are fundamental in higher-order cognition(42, 43), are all very receptive to DHA. Kelly L, Grehan B, Chiesa AD, OMara SM, Downer E, Sahyoun G, et al. The Institutional Review Boards (IRB) at the New York State Department of Health and the University at Albany approved the study and under a reliance agreement served as the IRBs designated by the National Institutes of Health. The baseline questionnaire also collected information on how many days per week the mothers took prenatal vitamins. (18) Observational studies have found that cord blood n-3 PUFA concentrations are associated with improved language, cognitive, visual motor(19) and memory skills(20) among children aged 11 months through 12 years suggesting that prenatal n-3 PUFA intake is of importance with effects potentially spanning many years (21). (34, 36). Three randomized controlled trials of early long-chain polyunsaturated Fatty Acid supplementation on means-end problem solving in 9-month-olds. The slow discovery of the importance of omega 3 essential fatty acids in human health. The .gov means its official. Willatts P, Forsyth JS, DiModugno MK, Varma S, Colvin M. Effect of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in infant formula on problem solving at 10 months of age. Suganuma H, Arai Y, Kitamura Y, Hayashi M, Okumura A, Shimizu T. Maternal docosahexaenoic acid-enriched diet prevents neonatal brain injury. This study aims to examine the association between maternal fish oil supplementation and subsequent child developmental capabilities up to 3 years of age. Supporting the criticality of the in utero exposure time point, prenatal n-3 PUFA deficiencies have been strongly linked with decrements in cognitive function and neurodevelopment. Similar effects on problem solving were apparent in singleton, but not twin, children. Models were adjusted for maternal educational level, race/ethnicity, age, insurance, marital status, plurality, BMI, smoking during pregnancy, and the childs gender. In situations where less than ten pairs were missing specific covariate information, the data was imputed using the mean observed response from the existing dataset (e.g., insurance and smoking).(41). Boucher O, Burden MJ, Muckle G, Saint-Amour D, Ayotte P, Dewailly E, et al. (68) A randomized double-blind controlled trial described a correlation between postnatal DHA supplementation in preterm infants and Bayley Mental Development Index (MDI) scores at 18 months corrected age among females only. Lorenz JM.

Nutritional factors such as prenatal vitamin usage and fish consumption were adjusted for in a third model. Tuzun F, Kumral A, Ozbal S, Dilek M, Tugyan K, Duman N, et al. (46, 47) Nonetheless, these findings are contested (56). A recent randomized controlled trial did not find any evidence supporting the long-term beneficial impacts of prenatal fish oil supplementation on child attention (48). (56) Aged rats fed a diet supplemented with n-3 PUFA had decreased hippocampal levels of lipid peroxide and improved learning abilities. No notable differences in results were detected (i.e., problem solving OR adjusted for fish consumption: 0.57; 95% CI: 0.271.20). Catena A, Muoz-Machicao JA, Torres-Espnola FJ, Martnez-Zaldvar C, Diaz-Piedra C, Gil A, et al. Drover J, Hoffman DR, Castaeda YS, Morale SE, Birch EE. The authors assert that all procedures contributing to this work comply with the ethical standards approved by the New York State Department of Health and the University of Albany Institutional Review Board (NYSDOH IRB #07-097; UAlbany #08-179) serving as the IRB designated by the National Institutes of Health for this study under a reliance agreement. Future research needs to focus on clearing up discrepancies in the literature, establishing optimal dosages, identifying the ideal timing and duration of supplementation, the persistence of subsequent health outcomes, gender interactions, and impacts on children of multiple births. (33) Participants were recruited from New York State livebirth registry and included mothers who gave birth between July 2008 and May 2010. A literature review. Due to the potential differences in neurodevelopment, stratified analyses were conducted by gender and plurality. Maternal pre-pregnancy BMI was included in separate models both as the World Health Organizations (WHO) classifications(37) and as a continuous variable. government site. Holman RT. (45) Supplementation of n-3 PUFA has also been associated with heightened attention which in turn is linked with improved cognition. Additionally, nutritional data was captured on self-reported questionnaires. Colombo J, Kannass KN, Shaddy DJ, Kundurthi S, Maikranz JM, Anderson CJ, et al. Buck Louis GM, Hediger ML, Bell EM, Kus CA, Sundaram R, McLain AC, et al. Maternal supplementation with very-long-chain n-3 fatty acids during pregnancy and lactation augments childrens IQ at 4 years of age. However, information on prenatal vitamins suggests the majority took them every day.

Maternal prenatal omega-3 fatty acid supplementation attenuates hyperoxia-induced apoptosis in the developing rat brain. The body of evidence supporting the beneficial fetal impacts of maternal fish oil supplementation is mounting. Fails for each domain are defined as scores two standard deviations below the average score for the childs age which was derived from a US normative sample. Helland IB, Smith L, Saarem K, Saugstad OD, Drevon CA. Relationship between long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids at birth and motor function at 7 years of age. Given that pregnant women are advised to increase n-3 PUFA intake to aid fetal brain development while concurrently restricting fish and seafood consumption, our findings demonstrate the potential value of fish oil supplementation as an alternate source of n-3 PUFA during pregnancy. Early life programming and neurodevelopmental disorders. For the analyses, fish consumption was treated as a dichotomous covariate (0 servings of fish eaten per week or > 0 servings of fish eaten per week) due to few mothers eating multiple servings per week. The essentiality of long chain n-3 fatty acids in relation to development and function of the brain and retina. (79) While we cannot rule out postnatal n-3 PUFA exposures in our current study (e.g., infant formulas supplemented with DHA (80)), research suggests that the positive impacts of this prenatal exposure may be long-lasting, even after continuous supplementation has ceased. Imaging incorporation of circulating docosahexaenoic acid into the human brain using positron emission tomography. Health information including parental body mass index (BMI), parity, and maternal smoking history was obtained from the baseline questionnaire. This study faced some limitations. No differences were observed for child gender. Maternal DHA and the development of attention in infancy and toddlerhood. Additionally, due to limited numbers, triplets and quadruplets were excluded (n = 128 children and n = 42 mothers).