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Those involving e-waste are the 2004 Municipal Solid Waste Management Rules and the 2008 Hazardous and Waste Management Rules. New regulations are classified as the 2010 E-waste Management and Handling Rules, which became effective in 2012 [60]. It is observed that the Asian continent generated the highest e-waste, followed by Europe and the Americas.

Song Q.B., Li J.H., Liu L.L., Dong Q.Y., Yang J., Liang Y.Y., Zhang C. Measuring the generation and management status of waste office equipment in China: A case study of waste printers. ICT waste handling: regional and global end-of-life treatment scenarios for ICT equipment, Master of Science thesis, Royal Institute of Technology Stockholm. Shumon M., Ahmed S., Islam M.T. According to the Basel Action Network (BAN), e-waste is processed and dumped into rivers near residential homes in Guangdong Province in China. Upon its implementation in 2006, the Mercosur Policy Agreement mandated Brazil, Argentina, Paraguay, and Uruguay to anchor EPR laws as environmental policies.

One of Israels main companies, M.A.I., an electronics recycling corporation, has reported that they have recycled 5000 tons of electronic waste in 2014, which already exceeds their personal requirement of recycling 4700 tons.

About 90% of the e-waste in India is illegally recycled in the informal sector and involves different groups, including women and children [57,58]. Quantitative research typically involves probability sampling to allow statistical inferences to be made [29,31]. Aliasi A.F., Ishak M.B., Awanis S.N., Mohamad-Zlkifli M., Jalil R.A. E-waste management: An emerging global crisis and the Malaysian scenario. It is estimated that three (3) million tons of e-waste were produced in 2018 and is expected to reach five (5) million tons by the end of 2020 [51,52,53]. Schumacher K.A., Agbemabiese L. Towards comprehensive E-waste legislation in the United States: Design considerations based on quantitative and qualitative assessments.

The new PMC design is here! These metals are generally categorised into precious and toxic metals. How can flowmeters optimise your batching system? A non-functioning electronic device that is intact can be exported under the current legislation. Oak Court Business Centre "[20], Canadian Federal legislation

Mmereki D., Li B., Baldwin A., Hong L. The generation, composition, collection, treatment and disposal system, and impact of E-waste. [24], EPR laws in Latin America are present but could use improvement in terms of the consistency regarding criteria for the development of new EPR programs that has impeded the broad development of EPR laws, such as post evaluation programs, overall cost of waste management, reduction in the use of resources and decrease of the public sector burden. With a healthy economic indicator, e-waste generation in Malaysia is expected to increase in the coming years. To resolve the nations escalating e-waste challenges, the Australian government established the National Waste Policy in 2019 to integrate existing policies and regulatory frameworks for e-waste management [9,45,48].

Examining environmental management of E-waste: Chinas experience and lessons. In line with the aim of this study, this section presents an in-depth analysis of waste generation, policies and management practices adopted by the selected countries in the Asia Pacific region. The informal sector illegally collects, treats, and disposes of discarded EEE, causing huge environmental and health issues. The site is secure. Lessons from WEEE: Will EPR work for the US? It also requires the recycling of unnecessary materials discarded in the manufacturing process. Then, a total of eight (8) keywords are used to identify and analyse the relevant articles. - Driving on a highway it would take As you might expect, the US is one of the leading producers of e-waste, second only to China. Government and intermediary business engagement for controlling electronic waste in Indonesia: A sustainable reverse logistics theory through customer value chain analysis.

What Is the Chain of Custody and Why Is It Important to You, DoD Data Destruction - What You Need to Know, What You Need To Know About Hard Drive Degaussers, Onsite Data Destruction vs Dropping Items Off, Upgrading Electronics for Black Friday, Recycle Old Electronics. Currently, Australias e-waste system is in its evolving stages and while, progress has been made since the introduction of the National Waste Policy and the Product Stewardship Act, Australias e-waste is growing three times faster than other waste streams, and the capacity and sophistication of the nations systems need to grow and adapt [44,48]. Such approaches have been found to be effective in more advanced countries such as Switzerland, South Korea, and Japan, as noted above. Therefore, this study aims to address these gaps.

Waste is exported from USA to Europe for formal recycling, but some are exported to Asia and Latin America where most of the waste is treated informally before ending up being burnt or left at landfills. [30] The Product Stewardship Act 2011 introduced new legislation and provided a framework for developing legislatively backed product stewardship for Australia. Results of the analysis show that the volumes of e-waste generated are fast exceeding the available infrastructure and recycling facilities in the countries examined, thereby driving e-waste streams to flow into illegal and informal recovery. 149154. In 2009, the Chilean National Environmental Commission identified Chile as one of the countries with the highest rates of waste generation in Latin America. The Canadian government's use of a unique interpretation of the Basel Convention obligations "intact" and "not intact" opens the door to uncontrolled e-waste exports as long as the device is intact. Nnorom I.C., Osibanjo O. Unlike the United States, China uses outdated and inadequate recycling methods to process and manufacture old and used electronics. Lack of clarity on the roles of key stakeholders involved and the recycling and material recovery targets. Niza S., Santos E., Costa I., Ribeiro P., Ferrao P. Extended producer responsibility policy in Portugal: A strategy towards improving waste management performance.

[1], Greenpeace contends that residue problems are so significant that the exports of all used electronics should be banned.[2]. [10] In December 2008 a draft revision to the Directive proposed a market-based goal of 65%, which is 22kg per capita in the case of the United Kingdom.

The importance of selecting these countries such as Australia, India, China, Indonesia, and Malaysia in the Asia Pacific region in terms of environmental and market perspectives cannot be overemphasised. The United Kingdom Ministry of Defence and the European Unions electrical and electronic equipment directives. While there are regulations on e-waste management and disposal in India, no regulation has effectively addressed the e-waste problem in India [52,58]. Subsequent to the listing as e-waste under the Environmental Quality Scheduled Waste Regulations (EQSWR) 2005, e-waste in Malaysia was reported and managed as municipal solid waste through the Department of Solid Waste Management (DSWM) under the Ministry of Housing and Local Government [78,81,82]. a serious environmental and health problem facing the world. Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Li W., Achal V. Environmental and health impacts due to E-waste disposal in ChinaA review. The Asia Pacific region is highly populated and is considered one of the fastest developing regions in the world. This technique has also been found to be effective in Australia. Awasthi A.K., Zeng X., Li J. Several material recovery facilities have been built, but it still faces significant issues in managing the ever-increasing amount of e-waste generated. [32], Product Stewardship Australia (PSA)[33] is a not-for-profit organisation established by the television industry to lead the way in developing recycling programs for e-waste in Australia, particularly televisions. "[5] This regulation is intended to promote the continued use of resources through recycling and to monitor the end-of-life treatment of electronics. This study adopts a qualitative research method to explore the issues relating to e-waste in the selected countries from existing research over the past years to guide future research in this area. The Battery Directive enacted in 2006 regulates the manufacture, disposal and trade of batteries in the European Union. This is evidenced by the major success of its recent emissions monitoring conference. A total of 210 articles is assessed for eligibility, and after excluding those articles that did not meet eligibility criteria, a total of 185 articles is identified for further review. Locating recycling facilities for IT-based electronic waste in Turkey. Defining realistic end-of-life scenarios for assessing impacts of Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) is challenging as homogenous and comprehensive data sets are missing. In fact, prolonged exposure to the chemicals emitted by e-waste can increase the incidence of a variety of health complications, including damage and disorder of the nervous system, kidneys, brain, heart, liver, lungs, blood system and skin. This unregulated e-waste recycling method is currently flourishing in China. The only way out of the worlds current e-waste crisis is to recycle our electronic devices better and develop safer e-waste recycling methods.

Legislation followed in 1998, and since January 2005 it has been possible to return all electronic waste to the sales points and other collection points free of charge.

Fossey E., Harvey C., Mcdermott F., Davidson L. Understanding and evaluating qualitative research.

The total amount of recycled electronic waste exceeds 10kg per capita per year.[7]. Since 2016, the Indonesian government has been in the process of formulating a unified e-waste regulation for the country, which would apply to all the 37 Indonesian provinces, but this is yet to be realised [28,72]. [32], this study adopted a five-phase approach.

As a result, e-waste has become one of the fastest-growing waste streams in Australia [9,44,45].

What percent of e-waste is recycled? The results of this study indicate that the impact of e-waste is linked to a variety of health problems in the countries examined, such as birth defects, premature births, respiratory diseases, and cancer.

[2] and Balde et al. Although the per capita e-waste generated in the emerging countries is much lesser than in the developing countries, the volume generated is greater due to the growing population and market size in emerging countries such as India, China, and Indonesia. Electronic waste here is very low but there is still nearly .981 million tons of E-waste. A key initiative and motivation of this study is to identify the problems/challenges in managing e-waste in the selected Asia Pacific countries and recommend appropriate management strategies and policy approaches to handle and regulate e-waste to significantly reduce environmental and health concerns.

In addition, the increasing demand for second-hand EEE, particularly in developing countries (China, Indonesia, India, and Malaysia) due to poverty and the continuing technological modernisation, has made these countries dumping grounds for e-waste from developed countries. The rates indicate how waste is treated within the region.

Due to substantial growth in the economy coupled with rapid technological developments, e-waste generation in Indonesia has increased considerably [28,65].

Thereafter, the Australian government introduced the National Product Stewardship Scheme in 2011 in collaboration with the State and Territory Governments and industries [9,26,45]. Profit or environment? In view of the growing e-waste generation in the Asia Pacific region and the importance of e-waste management, this study critically reviews previous research on e-waste generation and management practices of major e-waste producing nations (Australia, China, India, Indonesia, and Malaysia) in the Asia Pacific region, provides an overview of progress made and identifies areas for improvement. The growth in demand and increased sales of EEE have consequently led to the rise in the volume of e-waste [3,4,5]. The following sub-sections explain e-waste management practices for the selected countries in the Asia Pacific region.

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