head coverings muslim

2021/05/21

head covering muslim worn coolguides [130] In 2018, the Saudi crown prince Mohammad bin Salman told CBS News that Saudi law requires women to wear "decent, respectful clothing", and that women are free to decide what form it should take.[128]. 453-455, Ruh Al Maani by Shihaab Adeen Abi Athanaa, vol. [60] People with university education are less conservative in their choice than those without one, and more supportive of women's right to decide their dress style, except in Saudi Arabia. Malikov A. and Djuraeva D. 2021. He cites Sufyan al-Thawri as commenting that while it may be seen as permitting looking upon non-Muslim women who adorn themselves, it is not allowed in order to avoid lust. He stated that anything not attributed to Muhammad should be disregarded. Say to the believing men that they cast down their looks and guard their private parts; that is purer for them; surely Allah is Aware of what they do. [114], Iran went from banning all types of veils in 1936, to making Islamic dress mandatory for women following the Islamic Revolution in 1979. [124], The Indonesian province of Aceh requires Muslim women to wear hijab in public. Ibn Kathir states that the jilbab distinguishes free Muslim women from those of Jahiliyyah, so other men know they are free women and not slaves or prostitutes, indicating covering oneself does not apply to non-Muslims. [51], Traditional scholars had differences of opinion on covering the hands and face. [Shafi'i]", "Uncovering in Front of Non-Muslim's of Unmarriageable Kin (Mahram)", "Fatwas of the Permanent Committee: Women covering their faces and hands", "Fatwas by Mufti Ebrahim Desai Askimam", "Covering the Nakedness for a Man: Answers", "Maliki Fiqh: Matn al-'Ashmwiyyah (English Translation)", "The Awrah of Men According to Imams Shafi, Ahmad and Malik (A.R).

[94][95] For example, in Pakistan, Afghanistan and Iran, some women wore short skirts, flower printed hippie dresses, flared trousers,[96] and went out in public without the hijab. The term hijab is used in the Qur'an in the sense of "a curtain" or "partition"; verses that use the term (eg. [3][53], Among Ahmed's arguments is that while some Qur'anic verses enjoin women in general to "draw their Jilbabs (overgarment or cloak) around them to be recognized as believers and so that no harm will come to them"[Quran33:5859] and "guard their private parts and drape down khimar over their breasts [when in the presence of unrelated men]",[Quran24:31] they urge modesty. [143][144] In 2017, the European Court of Justice ruled that companies were allowed to bar employees from wearing visible religious symbols, including the hijab. These policies had popular support but outraged the Shi'a clerics, to whom appearing in public without their cover was tantamount to nakedness. [135] In 2017, Tajikistan banned hijabs. Muslim women's workplace experiences: Implications for strategic diversity initiatives. The surviving representations of veiled Jewish women may reflect general Roman customs rather than particular Jewish practices. [citation needed] The Iranian government endorses and officially promotes stricter types of veiling, praising it by invoking both Islamic religious principles and pre-Islamic Iranian culture.

[10] Some Islamic legal systems define this type of modest clothing as covering everything except the face and hands.

[2] Women in rural areas were much slower to adopt veiling because the garments interfered with their work in the fields. Parents who send their child to school with a headscarf will be fined 440 euro. [59] In Saudi Arabia 63% gave preference to the niqab face veil; in Pakistan the niqab, the full-length chador robe and the headscarf, received about a third of the votes each; while in Lebanon half of the respondents in the sample (which included Christians and Druze) opted for no head covering at all.

[2], The interpretations of the ijb as separation can be classified into three types: as visual barrier, physical barrier, and ethical barrier.

The styles and practices of hijab vary widely across the world. [164][165], In 2006, radicals in Gaza have been accused of attacking or threatening to attack the faces of women in an effort to intimidate them from wearing allegedly immodest dress. [133] In December 2010, however, the Turkish government ended the headscarf ban in universities, government buildings and schools. And if her feet protrude from beneath, and she doesn't have the means to prevent that, there is no harm".

[76] Roman pagan custom included the practice of the head covering worn by the priestesses of Vesta (Vestal Virgins).

As the awakening movement gained momentum, its goals matured and shifted from promoting modesty towards more of a political stance in terms of retaining support for Pan-Islamism and a symbolic rejection of Western culture and norms.

[105] They choose to cover because they believe it is liberating and allows them to avoid harassment.

"Islam and Liberalism: Conflicting Values?." A visual barrier (for example, between Muhammad's family and the surrounding community) serves to hide from sight something, which places emphasis on a symbolic boundary. Turkey had a ban on headscarves at universities until recently. [115] A new regulation issued in 1988 by the Ministry of the Interior based on the 1983 law further specified what constituted violations of hijab. [140] In 2016, Latvia and Bulgaria banned the burqa in public places. [191], Unofficial pressure against wearing hijab, Workplace discrimination against hijab-wearing women. Women viewed this way of dress as a way to both publicly announce their religious beliefs as well as a way to simultaneously reject western influences of dress and culture that were prevalent at the time.

[citation needed]. In September 2013, the electors of the Swiss canton of Ticino voted in favour of a ban on face veils in public areas. Notable examples of traditionalist Muslim scholars who accept these contemporary views include the Indonesian scholar Buya Hamka. [115] In April 1980, it was decided that women in government offices and educational institutions would be mandated to veil. [138] On 13 July 2010, France's lower house of parliament overwhelmingly approved a bill that would ban wearing the Islamic full veil in public. [176], The issue of discrimination of Muslims is more prevalent among Muslim women due to the hijab being an observable declaration of faith. In 2008, the Turkish government attempted to lift a ban on Muslim headscarves at universities, but were overturned by the country's Constitutional Court. In the course of this campaign women who chose not to wear the hijab were verbally and physically harassed, with the result that the hijab was being worn "just to avoid problems on the streets". Ali, S., Yamada, T., & Mahmood, A.

Ahmad, A. S., King, E. She said, "She can pray in the khimr (headscarf) and the diri' (Arabic: Aishah narrated that Allah's Messenger said: "The, Yurdakul, Gkce and Anna C. Korteweg. ' ], these requirements extend to being around non-Muslim women as well, for fear that they may describe her physical features to unrelated men. [citation needed] Some traditionalist Muslim scholars accept the contemporary views and arguments as those hadith sources are not sahih and ijma would no longer be applicable if it is argued by scholars (even if it is argued by only one scholar).

[25], The clearest verses on the requirement of modest dress are Surah 24:3031, telling both men and women to dress and act modestly.[26][27]. [21], Qur'anic verses relating to dress codes use the terms khimr (headcovering[22][23]) and jilbb (a dress or cloak) rather than ijb.

An experimental field study of interpersonal discrimination toward Muslim job applicants. ', This page was last edited on 28 July 2022, at 00:31. [74] Elite women in ancient Mesopotamia and in the Byzantine, Greek, and Persian empires wore the veil as a sign of respectability and high status. However, if the company has no policy regarding the wearing of clothes that demonstrate religious and political ideas, a customer cannot ask employees to remove the clothing item. Relationships of the practice of Hijab, workplace discrimination, social class, job stress, and job satisfaction among Muslim American women.

As Muhammad's influence increased, he entertained more and more visitors in the mosque, which was then his home. Statuettes depicting veiled priestesses date back as far as 2500 BC.

Many people, both men and women from backgrounds of both Islamic and non-Islamic faith questioned the hijab and what it stood for in terms of women and their rights. [150][151][152] The Nice mayor's office denied that she was forced to do so and the mayor condemned what he called the "unacceptable provocation" of wearing such clothes in the aftermath of the Nice terrorist attack. Council on American-Islamic Relations. [citation needed] This changed following the SovietAfghan War,[citation needed] military dictatorship in Pakistan, and Iranian revolution of 1979, when traditional conservative attire including the abaya, jilbab and niqab made a comeback. DOI: 10.4314/ijma.v2i16.2. An ethical barrier, such as the expression purity of hearts in reference to Muhammad's wives and the Muslim men who visit them, makes something forbidden.[24].

[40][41][42] [91] Since wearing a veil was impractical for working women, "a veiled woman silently announced that her husband was rich enough to keep her idle. [citation needed]. [30], Some scholars like Ibn Hayyan, Ibn Hazm and Muhammad Nasiruddin al-Albani questioned the ayah's common explanation. [104], Controversy erupted over the practice.

The downside of religious attire: the Muslim headscarf and expectations of obtaining employment. [104] Many instances, such as the Islamic Republic of Iran's current policy of forced veiling for women, have brought these issues to the forefront and generated great debate from both scholars and everyday people. [191] A study in New Zealand concluded that while Muslim women who wore the headscarf did in fact experience discrimination, these negative experiences were overcome by much higher feelings of religious pride, belonging, and centrality. Despite many criticisms of the practice of hijab being oppressive and detrimental to women's equality,[105] many Muslim women view the way of dress to be a positive thing. [161] Hamas campaigned for the wearing of the hijab alongside other measures, including insisting women stay at home, segregation from men and the promotion of polygamy. In the Median and Achaemenid periods, "Country passes law 'to stop Muslim women wearing hijabs', "Majority-Muslim Tajikistan passes law to discourage wearing of hijabs", "Austria becomes latest European country to ban burqas but adds clown face paint, too", "A European government has banned Islamic face veils despite them being worn by just three women", "Another European country just banned the burqa", "Bosnia Judicial Authorities Uphold Hijab Ban, Despite Protests", "Europe's right hails EU court's workplace headscarf ban ruling", "Denmark passes law banning burqa and niqab", "French 'Burkini' Bans Provoke Backlash as Armed Police Confront Beachgoers", "Cannes bans burkinis over suspected link to radical Islamism", "Nice joins growing list of French towns to ban burqini", "Burkini ban: Armed police force woman to remove her clothing on Nice beach", "French police make woman remove clothing on Nice beach following burkini ban", "French burkini ban row escalates after clothing incident at Nice beach", "sterreich verbietet Kopftcher an Grundschulen", "Austria court overturns primary school headscarf ban", "Staffanstorp rstade fr huvudduksfrbud", "Karnataka's hijab row: A fragile regime's latest assault on right to choice", "Hijab ban: Karnataka high court upholds government order on headscarves", "Kashmir women face threat of acid attacks from militants", "Syrian Women Face Whipping and Execution for Breaking Sharia Dress Code", "Telia har mottatt trussel som flge av hijab-reklame", "Kyrgyzstan president: 'Women in mini skirts don't become suicide bombers', The status of Muslim civil rights in the United States, http://cairunmasked.org/wp-content/uploads/2010/07/2008-Civil-Rights-Report.pdf, http://archive.ccmw.com/publications/triple_jeopardy.pdf, http://www.gallup.com/poll/116260/muslim-americans-exemplify-diversity-potential.aspx, An experiment in hiring discrimination via online social networks, "Persevere in Adversity: Perrceived Religious Discrimination and Islamic Identity as Predictors of Psychological Wellbeing in Muslim Women in New Zealand", No god but God: The Origins, Evolution, and Future of Islam, The Headscarf Debates: Conflicts of National Belonging, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Tehran Imam Khomeini International Airport, Islamic Government: Governance of the Jurist (Velayat-e faqih), Faceted Application of Subject Terminology, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hijab&oldid=1100843866, Short description is different from Wikidata, All articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases, Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from June 2022, Articles with unsourced statements from March 2022, Articles with unsourced statements from January 2022, Articles with unsourced statements from November 2019, Articles with unsourced statements from August 2019, Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from November 2020, Articles with unsourced statements from November 2020, Articles with unsourced statements from October 2016, Articles lacking reliable references from May 2022, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0.

[83] Similarly to the practice among Greeks, Romans, Jews, and Assyrians, its use was associated with high social status. Pascoe, E. A., & Smart Richman, L. (2009). [43] The Sunni Permanent Committee for Islamic Research and Issuing Fatwas in Saudi Arabia,[44] and Muhammad ibn Adam Al-Kawthari[45] also believe women should cover their head. 7:46, 33:53) are not related to dress code. [4], They argue that the term darabat al-hijab ('taking the veil') was used synonymously and interchangeably with "becoming Prophet Muhammad's wife", and that during Muhammad's life, no other Muslim woman wore the hijab. Enjoin your wives, your daughters, and the believing women that they should cast their outer garments over their persons (when abroad): That is most convenient, that they may be distinguished and not be harassed. [65] The Iranian president Hassan Rouhani had vowed to rein in the morality police and their presence on the streets has decreased since he took office, but the powerful conservative forces in the country have resisted his efforts, and the dress codes are still being enforced, especially during the summer months.

[90] Veiling gradually spread to upper-class Arab women, and eventually it became widespread among Muslim women in cities throughout the Middle East.

[173], In 2015, authorities in Uzbekistan organized a "deveiling" campaign in the capital city Tashkent, during which women wearing hijab were detained and taken to a police station. This followed an earlier campaign in the Fergana Valley. [5] The term for headscarf in the Quran is khimr (Arabic: ). General Hossein Rahimi, the Tehran's police chief stated, Those who do not observe the Islamic dress code will no longer be taken to detention centers, nor will judicial cases be filed against them (Smith, 2017).

In modern usage, hijab (Arabic: , romanized:ijb, pronounced[dab]) refers to headcoverings worn by Muslim women. [78] There is archeological evidence suggesting that early Christian women in Rome covered their heads,[77] and the practice of Christian headcovering continues among female adherents of many Christian denominations today, especially among Anabaptist Christians, Eastern Orthodox Christians, Oriental Orthodox Christians and Reformed Christians, as well as others.

After all, only a woman who need not work in the fields could afford to remain secluded and veiled. There was questioning of whether in practice the hijab was truly a female choice or if women were being coerced or pressured into wearing it. Oxford, England: Oneworld Publications , 2012.

In result of discrimination Muslim women in the United States have worries regarding their ability to follow their religion because it might mean they are rejected employment. Hazm too believed that it covered Muslim slaves as it would violate the law of not molesting a slave or fornication with her like that with a free woman.

403-405. [157] On 15 March 2022, the Karnataka High Court, in a highly controversial verdict, upheld the hijab ban in educational institutions arguing that the practice is non-essential in Islam.

[75] In ancient Mesopotamia, Assyria had explicit sumptuary laws detailing which women must veil and which women must not, depending upon the woman's class, rank, and occupation in society.

[88] During Muhammad's lifetime the term for donning the veil, darabat al-hijab, was used interchangeably with "being Muhammad's wife".

[2] In the rural areas it was common to cover the hair, but not the face. Ibn Arabi considered that excessive covering would make it impossible for a woman to be recognised which the verse mentions, though both Qurtubi and Tabari agree that the word recognition is about distinguishing free women. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill Academic Publishers, 2003.

[129] In 2002 the Saudi religious police were accused by Saudi and international press of hindering the rescue of schoolgirls from a fire because they were not wearing hijab, which resulted in 15 deaths. Bucar, Elizabeth, The Islamic Veil.

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are against the wearing of the hijab and argue that the hijab causes issues with gender relations, works to silence and repress women both physically and metaphorically, and have many other problems with the practice. He reports that the correct view is that a jilbab covers the whole body. [147][152] Media reported that in one case the police forced a woman to remove part of her clothing on a beach in Nice. Perceived discrimination and health: a meta-analytic review.

But will tourists want to visit?

Women in different parts of the world have also experienced unofficial pressure to wear or not wear a hijab. [181], A number of Muslim women who were interviewed expressed that perceived discrimination also poses a problem for them. Mitpaat). Al-Qurtubi concurs with Tabari about this ayah being for those who are free. [169], In recent years, women wearing the hijab have been subjected to verbal and physical attacks worldwide, particularly following terrorist attacks.

[84] The only verses in the Qur'an that specifically reference women's clothing are those promoting modesty, instructing women to guard their private parts and draw their scarves over their breast area in the presence of men. [113] They have also targeted those who seek to impose the hijab.

However, in the presence of the husband, most scholars stress the importance of mutual freedom and pleasure of the husband and wife. That is purer for your hearts and their hearts".

Harvard International Review 36.4 (2015): 14.

[61], According to a Pew Research Center survey, among the roughly 1million Muslim women living in the U.S., 43% regularly wear headscarves, while about a half do not cover their hair. [116][117], The same period witnessed tensions around the definition of proper hijab, which sometimes resulted in vigilante harassment of women who were perceived to wear improper clothing. In nearly all Muslim cultures, young girls are not required to wear a ijb. [170][171][172] Louis A. Cainkar writes that the data suggest that women in hijab rather than men are the predominant target of anti-Muslim attacks not because they are more easily identifiable as Muslims, but because they are seen to represent a threat to the local moral order that the attackers are seeking to defend. [103], In 1953, Egyptian leader President Gamal Abdel Nasser claimed that he was told by the leader of the Muslim Brotherhood organization that they wanted to enforce the wearing of the hijab, to which Nasser responded, "Sir, I know you have a daughter in college, and she doesn't wear a headscarf or anything! 309, 313.

[129] These regulations are enforced by the religious police and vigilantes. Why don't you make her wear the headscarf? [5][11] These guidelines are found in texts of hadith and fiqh developed after the revelation of the Qur'an.

[156], In January 2022, a number of colleges in the South Indian state of Karnataka stopped female students wearing hijab from entering the campus following which the state government issued a circular banning 'religious clothes' in educational institutions where uniforms are prescribed.