The health risks associated with

2021/05/21

The health risks associated with PPD poisoning include severe allergic reactions such as angioedema, acute kidney injury, rhabdomyolysis, flaccid paralysis, gastro- intestinal symptoms, and heart and renal failure. It can also cause mental illnesses such as psychosis, and changes in or loss of hearing, vision or taste. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 21 (2): 173206. Idris A 2005. Dokhan smoke bath is a traditional method of lightening the skin, using a particular wood with a distinctive scent; however, it is mainly used by married women. Journal of Environ Sci Eng. U.S. Food and Drug Administration Poisoning Linked to Skin Products. Additional themes addressed the removal of the adverse effects of extended skin bleaching; to satisfy ones partner and/or attract male friends; to satisfy and impress peers. Of particular importance were scarification, as it reflected the tribal connections, and body size, with one respondent explaining: In the past, people considered obese and fat girls as beautiful. Moreover, there had been a simplicity in the beauty practices performed, as (Participant 2, aged 20 years) reflected: , In response to questions on modern-day notions of beauty, all the participants were aware that having light skin and being full-figured were very important; it was also important for married women to decorate their bodies with black henna. In Sudan, there is a long-established practice of applying black-henna skin decoration. university edinburgh infographic student support Journal of Communication 62 (5):869887. Annual Review of Sociology Vol.26: 169185. What was evident was that, for some, it remained important to conform to these standards, for they reaped rewards that were of value, both to their self-worth and to their professional and familial prospects. The criteria for inclusion were that participants were female university students, aged between 16 and 25 years old. There are real and increasing health risks involved in the common beauty practices described; the participants were to differing extents aware of these risks but continued to use them. Thompson J, Heinberg L, Altabe M and Dunn S (1999) Exacting beauty: theory, assessment and treatment of body image disturbance, Washington DC: American Psychological Association. al, 2014; Peregrino, et al, 2011), hydroquinone (Amponsah , et al 2014) and corticosteroids (Gaudianoa et al., 2010). Participants used the expressions full-figured, not too fat, not too thin and medium-sized to refer to the ideal body weight for women in Sudanese society. These factors are of importance to any behavioural-change approaches seeking to address the health-related problems associated with these beauty practices. Khartoum: Karmal. Second, and linked closely to this, is the fact that in Sudan, Islamic-Arabic culture forms the basis of Sudanese national identity and is deeply ingrained within its system of social and political power (Fabos, 2008). Clinical Psychology Review, 14 (7): 633661. Body Image issue Vol.1: 23725. New York: Routledge. During the fourth phase, the themes were developed into a thematic map to clarify the direction of analysis by understanding the patterns in, and relationships between, the data.

All the participants lived in Khartoum, but four participants were from rural areas of Sudan. Psychology of Women Quarterly. Some believed that a combination of both physical attractiveness and moral values was essential for women to be viewed as beautiful. As such, Sudanese culture is generally organised around the patriarchal extended-family model, as described by Mernissi (1991), and the state structure and power division reflect the dominance of men. The majority of the participants (N = 16) were from Muslim backgrounds, and three were from Christian backgrounds. The study was approved by the facultys Research Ethics Board before data collection began. Twenty-five women agreed to take part, and 19 actually took part. Other authors, however, such as Sutherland M (2011) argue that dominant narratives of beauty not only encourage individuals to conform to them, but also shape how they perceive themselves and their worth. frederickweddings

The interviews were conducted and transcribed in Arabic, translated into English, and examined using thematic analysis. The journal encourages advancements in the areas mentioned above in the form of research articles, reviews, commentaries, case studies and letters to the editors. and Emery, R. E. This paper reports on a study that investigated body-image perceptions and the beauty practices, such as skin lightening, black-henna application and purposively induced weight gain, of young, educated Sudanese women.

The success of one method boosted others to adopt it. Accordingly, there is variation in what is considered to be an ideal body image by different people, and by different cultural and ethnic groups throughout the world (Dlova et.al 2014; Baumann, 2008). 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With the move away from less harsh, traditional methods, this has led to the widespread use of chemicals and skin-bleaching products. Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology. Badri B (2006) Feminist Perspectives in the Sudan An analytical overview. All the interviews were translated and transcribed verbatim twice, by the researcher and by an independent professional translator. 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Amponsah D, Voegborlo R and Sebiawu G. (2014) Determination of Amount of Hydroquinone in some selected Skin-lightening Creams sold in the Ghanaian Market. Some participants used a mixture of a number of creams made by shopkeepers; these comprised unidentified creams with unknown adverse effects: , It is important to note that not all the participants used skin-lightening products. Page Last Updated on 02/26/2015, Evaluation of a Health Education Intervention to Improve Knowledge, Skills, Behavioral Intentions and Resources Associated with Preventable Determinants of Infant Mortality, Impact of Medicare Part D on Racial and Ethnic Minorities, China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), Social care institute for Excellence(SCIE), Directory of Research Journal Indexing (DRJI), Sudan, socio-cultural, body image, beauty practices, health risks, qualitative research. [Online]. New York. Also important is the work by Cash and Pruzinsky (1990), Grogan (2008) Vandenbosch, (2012) and others on body-image perception and the range of actions people take in modifying their body and regulating their behaviour.

Winant H (2000) Race and Race Theory.

The findings are presented as three interrelated themes: In response to general questions on the dominant perceptions of beauty in Sudan, many of the participants noted the changing nature of what is considered beautiful and acceptable in Sudanese society. Particular transcripts were returned to the participants for validation. New York: Guilford Press: 5179. The methods most commonly used by the participants were the cheapest, most widely available and accessible: There are these tubes; people use these creams all the time. International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research, 5 6): 544- 550. The practices of a number of participants and their friends highlight this point: The process aims not only to attain a lighter skin colour but also to avoid tanning or the skin becoming darker. Vandenbosch L Eggermont S (2012) Understanding Sexual Objectification: A Comprehensive Approach Toward Media Exposure and Girls' Internalization of Beauty Ideals, Self-Objectification, and Body Surveillance. These new products and their efficiency come at a high cost to health; they are increasingly risky and have a negative impact on women. The findings indicate that beauty-related behaviours serve various potential purposes, including improvement in economic standing, increased social esteem and the preservation of a strong Sudanese national identity. These practices underpinned what it meant to be a Sudanese woman, as well as what it took to be considered desirable and of worth in a society where womens position and role remained unequal to mens in law, custom and politics. Hunter M (2002) if youre light youre alright light skin color as social capital for women of color. The fact that these women were engaged in these beauty practices shows they were meaningful to them. The concept of race (Winant, 2000) remains a key social construction and significant influence on Sudanese society. Data were then systematically coded, and the codes grouped to develop complex themes. The response to this societal focus by the participants varied. Follow us on @ScimagoJRScimago Lab, Copyright 2007-2022. The extent of the use of these methods varied according to cost and to previous experience with other products.

Moreover, it provides important baseline data that can be used to underpin the development of health-promotion programmes of benefit to Sudanese women. Fabos A (2008) Resisting Blackness Muslim Arab Sudanese in the Diaspora. The findings reveal that of the 19 women interviewed, all applied or were willing to apply black henna, 16 were using or had used skin-lightening products, and 13 were trying or intended to try to gain weight. According to most participants, a range of methods were used to gain weight: tablets, injections (including insulin), herbal tablets and high-calorie diets. Single women are not allowed to use it, and many of the participants commented on the fact that there would be strong social disapproval if they did, for it is known as an unspoken code for women to express their desire and readiness for sex. Denscombe M (2003) Good Research Guide: For Small-scale Social Research. Skin-lightening products contain chemicals, such as mercury (Jalika C, et. Dlova N, Hamed S, Tsoka-Gwegweni J, Grobler A and Hift R (2014). The aim of the study presented in this paper was to explore Sudanese female university students perceptions of the ideal body in Sudan and common beauty practices. The study adds to our knowledge of how beauty practices are perceived by women in Sudan, and of the role of place and socio-cultural factors.

In rural areas, there remained an appreciation of fatness as a sign of female beauty, and many related traditional methods were still in use. Black henna is extremely popular among Sudanese women (Prcic, 2011), with most making use of black henna produced by mixing natural henna with other substances such as a paraphenylenediamine (PPD). A numerical code was assigned to each interview. al 2014; Benkeser, et al 2012). Ethnicity & Disease. Milton Keynes: Open University. The research method was designed so that the data could be analysed thematically, following guidelines developed by Braun and Clarke (2006). Islam impacts all spheres of political, social and cultural life, and the core tenets of Islam as linked to the role and position of women remain deeply embedded in Sudanese society. Yousif et. This article presents body-image and beauty-practice themes drawn from an in-depth qualitative study of young Sudanese women living in Sudan. Participants in this study were higher and secondary school students in central Sudan. Cafri G, Thompson J and Roehrig M, Van den Berg P, Jacobsen P, Stark S (2006) An investigation of appearance motives for tanning: The development and evaluation of the Physical Appearance Reasons for Tanning Scale (PARTS) and its relation to sunbathing and indoor tanning intentions. Projects. It is important to note that there were a few participants who did not make use of skin-lightening products and who were negotiating with dominant expectations of them, as the following participants reveal: Lastly, in terms of the changing notions of beauty in modern Sudanese society, the study revealed the importance of geographical location, and the fact that there were different attitudes to physical attractiveness in urban and rural areas. Follow us on @ScimagoJRScimago Lab, Copyright 2007-2022.

Tove J, Swami V, Furnham A, and Mangalparsad R (2006) Changing perceptions of attractiveness as observers are exposed to a different culture. (1990) Body images: Development, deviance and change. Of equal importance is the socio-cultural model of influence: the tripartite influence model (TIM) developed by Thompson et al.

Being slim or underweight was not desirable; being obese was even less desirable. J Egypt Public Health Assoc 85 (1 & 2) 45-59. Mernissi F (1991) Women and Islam: An Historical and Theological Enquiry. This is evident in the switch from natural henna to black henna, the use of Dokhan now being complemented with a wide range of skin-lightening products, and the increased use of pills and insulin injections to supplement the gaining of weight through a sedentary life style and a high-calorie diet. Cash T, Pruzinsky T (eds.) These creams were the most commonly applied to the body and combined with the use of soaps and tablets. Westerhof W (2006) Toxicology and health risks of hydroquinone in skin lightening formulations. Follow us on @ScimagoJRScimago Lab, Copyright 2007-2022. Conflicts and Politics of Identity in Sudan. (eds.) Several reasons were given as to the importance of a large body size. Braun V and Clarke V (2006) Using thematic analysis in psychology. Vol: 35: 689-696. The study reported here is underpinned by core theories of objectification and self-objectification of the female body. Two of these four universities were private and the other two were public, to ensure that the sample also included a socio-economic range of participants. The interviews lasted between 60 and 140 minutes, took place in a room in the university where the participant was a student, and were conducted in Arabic, the first language of all the women. 35 (2):218237. Journal of Black Studies, 42 (8):1175-1194. First, such a figure made clothes fit better and appears more attractive: , Second, a full-figured body was considered to be sexually attractive, enhancing sexual gravitation, as one respondent: , Skin lightening was seen to enhance not only social position, but also security, both in marriage and in employment: , There was a universal view regarding henna, including black-henna dye. The themes covered in the schedule were: concept of womens beauty, healthy lifestyle, diet, body weight, exercise, skin-lightening practice, black-henna practice, self-esteem, awareness of health-risk behaviours, and pathway for change. An evaluation of the Tripartite Influence Model of body dissatisfaction and eating disturbance with adolescent girls.

Body Image 3 (3):199209. The translation work between Arabic and English may have impacted on the data collection and analysis. The editorial Tracking system facilitates a user friendly article submission, review and publication. 2004).This model, rooted in the role and influence of parents, peers and media, is key to understanding the impact of body dissatisfaction on eating disorders. Ibrahim (1972), a leading Sudanese feminist who has written widely in this area, argues that Sudanese culture is dominated by gender and ethnic inequality, and that in Sudan, women are perceived as weak, emotional and irrational individuals. Psychology of Women Quarterly. Bringing Back the Body: A Retrospective on the Development of Objectification Theory. In the past, methods used to achieve beauty standards were simple and relied more on natural resources. Data Source: Scopus, Metrics based on Scopus data as of April 2022, Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology, Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics, Agricultural and Biological Sciences (miscellaneous), Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (miscellaneous), Business, Management and Accounting (miscellaneous), Computer Graphics and Computer-Aided Design, Critical Care and Intensive Care Medicine, Earth and Planetary Sciences (miscellaneous), Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, Economics, Econometrics and Finance (miscellaneous), Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials, Geotechnical Engineering and Engineering Geology, Immunology and Microbiology (miscellaneous), Management Science and Operations Research, Neuropsychology and Physiological Psychology, Organizational Behavior and Human Resource Management, Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health, Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (miscellaneous), Physical Therapy, Sports Therapy and Rehabilitation, Political Science and International Relations, Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment, Tourism, Leisure and Hospitality Management, Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Electronics, Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology - Proceedings, Chinese Journal of Tissue Engineering Research, Studies in Health Technology and Informatics, Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology, Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Biomedical Materials, International Journal of Robust and Nonlinear Control, Artificial Cells, Nanomedicine and Biotechnology, IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, Translational Vision Science and Technology, Journal of Biomedical Materials Research - Part B Applied Biomaterials, IEEE Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering, Journal of Biomedical Materials Research - Part A, Journal of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology News, Biomedical Physics and Engineering Express, Lecture Notes in Computational Vision and Biomechanics, Journal of diabetes science and technology, Nanomedicine: Nanotechnology, Biology, and Medicine, Medical and Biological Engineering and Computing, International journal of computer assisted radiology and surgery. As in the past, there were other features such as long hair, a small nose, medium height (being neither too short nor too tall), wide eyes and a rounded, well-proportioned face that were seen to further enhance beauty: . Average acceptance to publication time (5-7 days), Average article processing time (30-45 days). These authors concluded that the use of skin bleaching creams among these girls was associated with high levels of ignorance. al (2014) conducted a study to examine the use of skin lightening creams that contain hydroquinone, corticosteroids and mercury.

The participants had very clear views about the rationale underpinning and importance of their beauty regimes. Toxicity can produce a range of problems in the central-nervous-system, including personality changes, nervousness, irritability, tremors, weakness, fatigue, memory loss and peripheral neuropathy. For example, the participant 14 (aged 21 years) said: . Fredrickson B, Roberts T, (1997) Objectification theory: Toward understanding womens lived experiences and mental health risks. Ethnic and Racial Studies.

Beauty practices varied significantly. Once permission had been granted to make contact with the students, potential participants were identified and invited to take part in the study. Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology. Accordingly, the dynamic process of conceptualising female physical beauty in Sudan, the beautification practices and the methods used to achieve beauty have changed and evolved over time. Mercury can be absorbed into the bloodstream, causing damage to the kidneys, liver and brain, potentially leading to organ failure. Thereafter, snowball sampling allowed each participant to nominate one other potential participant. Publication ethics & malpractice statement, https://web.fu-berlin.de/gpo/pdf/tagungen/balghis_badri.pdf, https://individual.utoronto.ca/sbaumann/Poetics2008.pdf, https://www.fda.gov/ForConsumers/ConsumerUpdates/ucm294849.htmMercury . The last practice described by the women was that of skin lightening. This ongoing preoccupation with race and skin colour as part of an ethnic identity is clearly linked with the countrys historical roots and has, in turn, led to the institutional form of cherishing and celebrating any Arabic and Islamic roots. The result of the study done by Yousif and his colleagues indicated that more than half of the Sudanese girls in higher and secondary school in central Sudan misuse skin lightening products. The findings reveal that other traditional practices continue to be valued and cherished, such as striving for a large body type and light skin. 35 (1): 29-37. Each culture has a set of general beliefs about what constitutes femininity, female attractiveness, and beauty (Durn, 2013). Appointments for the interviews were booked with those who agreed to participate. Fredrickson B, Hendler L, Nilsen S, OBarr J, and Roberts T (2011). A limitation of the sample was the fact that although the views emerging from the interviews did not indicate variations linked to their different religious beliefs, much more work is needed to explore the role of such beliefs in beauty practices. The last two phases involved analysing and refining the themes extracted from data reflecting the participants experiences and perceptions. Henna was applied by both married and single women. A short demographic questionnaire was also used to capture age, university, faculty and address; this was administered prior to the start of each interview. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3 (2):77101.