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2021/05/21

(2019). doi: 10.1038/nature04969, Suliman, W., Harsh, J. Technol. Then, the reactor was cooled to 333 K and the helium gas was switched to a simulated flue gas consisting of 10 vol. Surface area analysis of raw and sono-chemically activated biochars samples synthesized at different pyrolysis temperatures. doi: 10.1007/s10973015-47408, Stankovich, S., Dikin, D. A., Dommett, G. H. B., Kohlhaas, K. M., Zimney, E. J., Stach, E. A., et al.

SEM images of (A) R-SG 700; (B) US-SG 700. These values are 215251, 287309, 285310, and 227259% higher compared to those of the raw biochar at the temperatures of 500, 600, 700, and 800C, respectively. doi: 10.1021/jf501139f, Cetin, E., Gupta, R., and Moghtaderi, B. doi: 10.1021/ja01864a025, Budai, A., Wang, L., Gronli, M., Strand, L. T., Antal, M. J., Abiven, S., et al. This shows that surface area is significantly affected by the biochar feedstock and pyrolysis temperature. 5, 18. Chem. doi: 10.1016/j.jaap.2017.02.018, Wang, S., Gao, B., Zimmerman, A. R., Li, Y., Ma, L., Harris, W. G., et al. SEM images of (A) R-SB 700 and (B) US- SB 700. All of these factors played a cumulative role in increasing adsorption capacity.

doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0113888, Gmiz, B., Hall, K., Spokas, K. A., and Cox, L. (2019). Although %N content decreased with temperature, the carbon content increased significantly, thus facilitating the increase in adsorption capacities. Environ. As observed, the ash content even increased with temperature. Accordingly, like other aminated biochars, A-SB-700 and A-SB-600 demonstrated a much greater adsorption compared with A-SB-500 and A-SB-800. Rapid prediction of wood crystallinity in Pinus elliotii plantation wood by near-infrared spectroscopy. The surface crystallinity of the biochar samples were determined from the XRD analysis in a Rigaku powder diffractometer (Rigaku, Japan) with Cu K radiation ( = 0.15406 nm). biochar 3r Influence of feedstock source and pyrolysis temperature on biochar bulk and surface properties. Energy Res. 10, 55855589. 10, 109114. Sust. Figure 6.

Yet, the aminated MS, particularly at 600 and 700C, represented the maximum CO2 adsorption. (2017). Technol. doi: 10.5539/jas.v5n1p1, Pilon, G., and Lavoie, J.-M. (2013). The experimental set-up and detailed procedures of the tests were reported in our previous studies (Chatterjee et al., 2018, 2019). Renew. Accordingly, the microsurface area and pore volumes for MS and SG ranged between 115325 m2/g and 0.060.16 cc/g over the temperature of 500800C. Identification of preferentially exposed crystal facets by X-ray diffraction. 8:85. doi: 10.3389/fenrg.2020.00085. Fuel 235, 11311145.

The use of pure CO2 environment for adsorption experiment with N2 activated- sawdust biochar resulted to show increased adsorption capacity than any other reported data. Dynamic molecular structure of plant biomass-derived black carbon (biochar). (2006). Org. CHE-1532079). Porosity development and reactivity changes of coalbiomass blends during co-pyrolysis at various temperatures. 47, 74197423. Table 3. Food Chem. Physicochemical characterization of miscanthus and its application in heavy metals removal from wastewaters. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.03.072, Li, M., Liu, Q., Guo, L., Zhang, Y., Lou, Z., Wang, Y., et al. doi: 10.1039/C7GC03457A, Mia, S., Dijkstra, F. A., and Singh, B. Notable changes were observed in the structural and chemical properties of activated chars with pyrolysis temperature. The reactivity of the biochar samples is strongly affected by the surface area (Onay, 2007). 20, 22692278. MS, Miscatanthus; SG, Switchgrass; CS, Corn stover; SB, Sugarcane bagasse; R, Raw; US, Ultrasound Activated. Soc. Front.

The biochars underwent two-step sonochemical activation: low-frequency low-temperature ultrasound activation followed by TEPA functionalization. These gasses emanate throughout the structure, promoting disorder until >1,000C. Raman spectra of raw and activated samples (A) miscanthus, (B) switchgrass, (C) corn stover, and (D) sugarcane bagasse synthesized at different pyrolysis temperatures. reported that cellulose and hemicellulose in the MS decompose at 500C (Lee et al., 2013). Thus, biochar samples produced within the temperature range of 500700C showed better reactivity and adsorption behavior than biochar samples produced at 800C. Chemosphere 178, 466478. doi: 10.1016/j.biortech.2013.03.186, Kumar, U., Maroufi, S., Rajarao, R., Mayyas, M., Mansuri, I., Joshi, R. K., et al.

Sonochem. Screening test of solid amine sorbents for CO2 capture. SG behaved in a similar manner: %C content showed significant increase from 68 to 77% with lowering of H/C and O/C ratios in the range of 0.29 to 0.16 and 0.18 to 0.09, respectively, and the increment of ash from 10.8 to 12.8%. Aging induced changes in biochar's functionality and adsorption behavior for phosphate and ammonium. A new peak at 43 appeared for samples pyrolyzed at 600 and 700C that indicated the development of atomic order in the increasingly carbonized material (Keiluweit et al., 2010).

Prediction of Rapid Biomass Devolatilization Yields With an Upgraded Version of the Bio-CPD Model. Ultrasonic treatment resulted in cleaning the surface which was also observed in the SEM images Figures 3, 4. The intensity ratio values of all the samples have been reported in Table S2. doi: 10.1016/j.biombioe.2014.01.004, Nwajiaku, I. M., Olanrewaju, J. S., Sato, K., Tokunari, T., Kitano, S., and Masunaga, T. (2018). doi: 10.3390/en5124952, Jeong, C. Y., Dodla, S. K., and Wang, J. J. Increasing pyrolysis temperature had a significant effect on the elemental constituents and H/C (the degree of aromaticity) (Al-Wabel et al., 2013) and O/C (the degree of polarity) ratios (Mimmo et al., 2014) of raw biochars. 88, 523531. Technol. Green preparation of magnetic biochar for the effective accumulation of Pb(II): performance and mechanism. 62, 17231732. However, the temperature increase to 800C resulted in reduced micro surface area for CS. This is due to largely exposed facets of the crystal lattice that show a few peaks with high relative intensity (Zhang et al., 2020).

As observed, raw MS shows maximum adsorption capacities in comparison to all other raw chars (MS>SG>CS>SB) under all temperature ranges, although the differences are small. Bioresour. (2005). As observed from the figures the effect of sonication is more observable for agro-industrial (CS, SB) chars than herbaceous biochars (MS, SG). OIA-1632899 and MRI Grant No. In addition, the changes of N content were more prominent in herbaceous chars compared with agro-industrial-based biochars. The X-ray diffraction plots of raw and aminated samples are shown in Figures 8A,B. For instance, elemental analysis results (Table 3) expressed intense %N contents for aminated biochars at 600C. Manag. The results suggest that both surface area and functional groups play key roles in CO2 capture. Biochar from pruning residues as a soil amendment: effects of pyrolysis temperature and particle size. The original IR plots are shown in Figure S1. (2016). 60, 10541065. 62, 247258. (2017). doi: 10.1002/9780470027318.a5606, Dawson, R., Cooper, A. I., and Adams, D. J. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0156894, Sadaka, S., Sharara, M., Ashworth, A., Keyser, P., Allen, F., and Wright, A. (2016). Ultrasound cavitation intensified amine functionalization: a feasible strategy for enhancing CO2 capture capacity of biochar. The increase in carbon content at higher temperature reflects the increasing degree of carbonization (Zhou et al., 2013) and the decrease in H and O contents is likely due to dehydration reactions, the decomposition of the oxygenated bonds, and the release of low molecular weight byproducts containing H and O. A. Sajjadi, B., Chen, W.-Y., and Egiebor Nosa, O. A., and Ashwath, N. (2012). A CO-CO2 analyzer (ZRH Infrared Gas Analyzer, CAI) connected to the set-up was used to detect the concentration of CO2 before and after the experiment. Fuel 84, 13281334. Effect of ultrasonic irradiation on preparation and properties of ionogels. Hence, based on the surface area analysis results it can be emphasized that miscanthus biomass pyrolyzed at 700C and sonicated had the highest possible microporous surface area that would provide more active sites for amine activation to improve the CO2 adsorption capacity. doi: 10.1016/j.biortech.2012.04.094, Kim, P., Johnson, A. M., Essington, M. E., Radosevich, M., Kwon, W.-T., Lee, S.-H., et al. The surface area of the samples can be further justified based on the adsorption isotherm plots as observed in the Figures S2, S3. Effect of temperature on the structural and physicochemical properties of biochar with apple tree branches as feedstock material. Energies 10:288. doi: 10.3390/en10030288. The FTIR results for aminated samples showed amino or nitrogen containing functionality such as C-N at 1,0001,250 cm1, which is attributed to the attachment of aliphatic amine. Influence of pyrolysis temperature on physicochemical properties of biochar obtained from the fast pyrolysis of pitch pine (Pinus rigida). J. In addition to that the strong C-N peak for the TEPA activated samples (as observed from FTIR plots, Figures 5AD) for the temperature range of 600700C also matches the adsorption capacity results. Ultrasound cavitation results in the exfoliation of the graphitic clusters of the biochar structure, removal of mineral matter, and opening of the pores, thereby increasing microporous surface area. Biomass Bioenergy 105, 136146. DM: interpretation of results and revising the manuscript. J. Carbon 43, 5366. In contrast to herbaceous biochars, US-CS 700 (Figure 3B) and US-SB 700 (Figure 4B) show significant increased porosity and greater structural deformations upon sonication. Consistent with this, almost all activated biochars (except A-SG-600/700 and A-SB-700/800) demonstrated a significant increase in the ID/IG ratio compared with their pristine condition (Table S2). RC: conducting the experiments, interpretation of results, and writing the manuscript. The formation of aromatic structures began after the complete decomposition of the wood nanocomposite structure during the charring process (Paris et al., 2005). For example, US-MS 700 sample (Figure 1B) shows the least alteration to their structure. Effects of pyrolysis temperature on soybean stover-and peanut shell-derived biochar properties and TCE adsorption in water. Pyrolysis of switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.) at low temperatures within N2 and CO2 environments: product yield study. 107, 411418. (2017). Hence, the isotherms further provide a confirmation of the porous nature of the adsorbent materials. For instance, CS follows an increasing trend of %C content up to 700C with a gradual rise of ash content and reduction of H/C and O/C ratios and %N contents. (2007). Figures 6AD show the Raman spectra of all raw and activated biochar samples synthesized under different temperature ranges- 500, 600, 700, and 800C. The total weight loss for these samples can be listed as 26.7, 13.9, 11.8, and 9.5%, respectively for US-Am-MS 500, US-Am-MS 600, US-Am-MS 700 and US-Am-MS 800, respectively. (2015). Chemosphere 142, 413. 7, 269276. 35, 777815. XRD-thermal combined analyses: an approach to evaluate the potential of phytoremediation, phytomining, and biochar production. doi: 10.1016/B9780-08087872-0.005242, Brunauer, S., Deming, L. S., Deming, W. E., and Teller, E. (1940).

Fuel 85, 22022212. Calorim. For MS-800 the curve is mostly flat indicating the negligible loss due to its high synthesis temperature. Cleaner production of iron by using waste macadamia biomass as a carbon resource. However, the peaks around 23, 30, and 43 showed reduction in intensity indicates the loss of crystallinity due to TEPA treatment. (2016). BS: idea of the work, interpretation of results, and writing the manuscript. Figure 7. 538, 137144. doi: 10.1016/j.still.2015.10.002, Liu, Y., He, Z., and Uchimiya, M. (2015). Solid amine sorbents for CO2 capture by chemical adsorption: a review. As observed from Figure 9, the sono-aminated chars have much higher adsorption capacities (almost 3 times) those of raw chars. Also aminated SB samples such as A-SB 500 and A-SB 700 have enhanced C-N peak than R-SB 500 and R-SB 700. Surface properties and chemical composition of corncob and miscanthus biochars: effects of production temperature and method. However, its intensity was typically reduced at higher temperatures. 62, 345352. Table S1 (organic analysis) depicts gradual increment in %C contents of aminated MS samples with temperature, which is consistent to what was obtained for raw chars. Chem. Eng. PLoS ONE 12:e0176884.

Change in nutrient composition of biochar from rice husk and sugarcane bagasse at varying pyrolytic temperatures. doi: 10.1016/j.cej.2013.10.081, Tag, A. T., Duman, G., Ucar, S., and Yanik, J. The peak around 1,026 cm1 is attributed to C-O stretching vibrations or the C-N stretch of an aliphatic primary amine (Coates, 2006). Total Environ.

Figure 2. Lee et al. It can be concluded that elevated pyrolysis temperature showed overall reduction in elemental %N contents of both raw and aminated chars (Table S1), though a sudden jump in N content of almost all samples was observed at 800C. doi: 10.1039/D0RA00769B, Zhao, S.-X., Ta, N., and Wang, X.-D. (2017). This trend can be correlated to Tables 2, 3 that showed significant changes in surface areas and elemental compositions, respectively, when pyrolysis temperature was increased from 500 to 600C, irrespective of the biochar type. (2018). J. Anal. Additionally, the effectiveness of the developed activation technique has been assessed based on the comparison of the adsorption capacities of the sorbent materials from the present study with the literature data and presented in Table S3. doi: 10.1016/j.biombioe.2015.11.010, Sun, Y., Gao, B., Yao, Y., Fang, J., Zhang, M., Zhou, Y., et al. Anal. A narrow peak at around 30 was found and identified as amorphous carbon (Fu et al., 2016; Zhao et al., 2019). Biomass Bioenergy 84, 3748. doi: 10.1007/s40093018-0213-y, Onay, O. Similar to CS, it generally showed increased %C and ash content, and reduced H/C-O/C ratios and %N content, for the temperature range of 500800C, although values at 700C were often the most extreme. Prod.

Production, characterization and reactivity studies of chars produced by the isothermal pyrolysis of flax straw. doi: 10.1021/sc300098e, Plaza, M., Pevida, C., Arias, B., Fermoso, J., Arenillas, A., Rubiera, F., et al. However, increasing the pyrolysis temperature beyond 700, (up to 800C) resulted in decreased surface area and pore volume. The maximum adsorbed volume was observed for samples synthesized at 700C, followed by 800, 600, and 500C. doi: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2010.09.008, Imam, T., and Capareda, S. (2012). doi: 10.1016/j.fuproc.2007.01.001, Osman, A. I., Ahmed, A. T., Johnston, C. R., and Rooney, D. W. (2018). Chem. (2015). Characterization of pyrolysis products from slow pyrolysis of live and dead vegetation native to the southern United States. This behavior is observed for all the four biochars. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms. SG and CS showed similar behavior in terms of intensity ratio, but exhibited slightly lower values than MS. Fundamental and molecular composition characteristics of biochars produced from sugarcane and rice crop residues and by-products. 176, 288291. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.11.021, Kim, W.-K., Shim, T., Kim, Y.-S., Hyun, S., Ryu, C., Park, Y.-K., et al. Further elevation of temperature to 700C exhibited enhancement in surface areas followed by reduction at 800C for all the US-treated samples except SB which showed slight increment from 352 to 358 m2/g. This indicates the stability of the aminated samples. where the authors explained this increasing trend of the disorder as the evolvement of gas species including CH4, CO2, CO, and H2O forming throughout pyrolysis (Brewer, 2012; Vyas et al., 2017). As expected, the %N content of the activated biochar significantly increased, in the range of 26 times in MS and 1.62.6 times in SG samples, compared to the corresponding raw chars, since the aminated chars incorporated N-containing TEPA. J. Appl. FTIR spectra of the raw and aminated biochars derived under different temperatures are depicted in Figures 5AD. doi: 10.1016/j.biortech.2011.02.018, Peterson, S. C., Appell, M., Jackson, M. A., and Boateng, A. Chemosphere 134, 257262. Increasing temperature showed increasing trend of intensity ratios and more defects in forms of functionality which is also observed in IR spectra of aminated samples for A-MS-500, A-MS-600, and A-MS-700. 164, 310. For instance, CS and SB exhibited a significant increase in surface area (96284 and 83221 m2/g for CS and SB, respectively) and pore volumes (0.050.14 and 0.050.11 cc/g) upon increasing the temperature from 500 to 600C. The SEM images of raw and activated biochars, pyrolyzed at 700C temperature are presented in Figures 14. (2016). doi: 10.1016/j.fuel.2018.08.077. Variables governing the initial stages of the synergisms of ultrasonic treatment of biochar in water with dissolved CO2. doi: 10.1016/S13504177(02)001372, Haszeldine, R. S. (2009).