would like to thank Prof. Jianju

2021/05/21

We would like to thank Prof. Jianjun Hao (The University of Maine) for providing P. capsici isolate A1. : Alabama,Alaska,Arizona,Arkansas,California,Colorado,Connecticut,Delaware,District of Columbia,Florida,Georgia,Hawaii,Idaho,Illinois,Indiana,Iowa,Kansas,Kentucky,Louisiana,Maine,Maryland,Massachusetts,Michigan,Minnesota,Mississippi,Missouri,Montana,Nebraska,Nevada,New Hampshire,New Jersey,New Mexico,New York,North Carolina,North Dakota,Ohio,Oklahoma,Oregon,Pennsylvania,Puerto Rico,Rhode Island,South Carolina,South Dakota,Tennessee,Texas,Utah,Vermont,Virginia,Washington,West Virginia,Wisconsin,Wyoming, Unique Mode of Action (FRAC: Group 43)Valuable Program Rotation Tool, Proven Performance and Highly Systemic Movement Through the Plant, Broad Spectrum Soil-Borne and Foliar Control. Each treatment consisted of 20 seedlings of each isolate. 3164 0 obj <>/Filter/FlateDecode/ID[<8889BBAB143CF14F8A130D039A177C50>]/Index[3153 23]/Info 3152 0 R/Length 76/Prev 610743/Root 3154 0 R/Size 3176/Type/XRef/W[1 3 1]>>stream doi: 10.1016/j.cropro.2010.08.001. Other biological characteristics of resistant isolates are also indispensable for evaluating fungicide resistance risks. The isolate A1 was obtained from Michigan, and they were randomly selected from the laboratorys P. capsici strains library. The fungicide resistance risk assessment is essential to monitor and manage the development of fungicide resistance in the field (Grimmer et al., 2014; Miao et al., 2016). (2013). 2016YFD0201305). Always read and follow label instructions. However, the EC50 values of intermediately resistant mutants derived from parental isolates JA8, Pc1723, and A1 decreased to some extent, except for RFJ-4 (Table 4). (2008). 7.05. Leonian, L. H. (1922). 0000006575 00000 n Berl. Sensitivity of Phytophthora capsici isolates from the southeast US to fluopicolide and cyazofamid, in Proceedings of the International Phytophthora capsici Conference, Islamorada, FL. Bonita Springs, FL34135 0000035309 00000 n Roundup Ready PL Herbicide with PLANTSHIELD Technology, Gaucho 600 Red Flowable Seed Dressing Insecticide, Bollgard 3 with Roundup Ready Flex Cotton, TruFlex canola with Roundup Ready Technology, INFINITO is now registered in leafy vegetables, including brassica leafy vegetables, for downy mildew control, INFINITO is now registered in Brassicas for excellent white blister and downy mildew control, Broad spectrum fungicide provides flexibility in Tasmanian brassica crops, New fungicide drives better performance on key diseases in Tasmania, Cucurbits (field and protected cropping systems), Lettuce - leaf and head (field and protected cropping systems), Leafy vegetables - including brassica leafy vegetables. Plant Dis. startxref 3175 0 obj <>stream & Curt.) You also have the option to opt-out of these cookies. FRAC Code List 2020: Fungal Control Agents Sorted by Cross Resistance Pattern and Mode of Action (Including FRAC Code Numbering). contact this location, Window Classics-Tampa 95, 15351541. %PDF-1.6 % Figure 1. An error has occurred processing your enquiry. Always read and follow label instructions. The colonies surviving on PDA containing fluopicolide were considered to be resistant mutants and were measured on PDA plates amended with a series of fluopicolide concentrations (0, 5, 10, 20, 50, and 100 g/ml) to determine their resistance level. 0000004526 00000 n Please enter a phone number in the format 000-000-0000. For tobacco, Presidio Fungicide is targeted chemistry that protects tobacco threatened by black shank and blue mold. Please try again. doi: 10.1126/science.1128796.

FRAC NUMBER: 43 Brussels: FRAC Press.

0000002741 00000 n Phytophthora blight of pepper and its control in Korea. Fitness of Phytophthora capsici fluopicolide-resistant mutants and wild-type parents. 85, 10691075. The factor of sensitivity change (FSC) was calculated as the ratio of RF values of the 10th subculture relative to that of the first. Table 4. 0000023473 00000 n HWKsFWH #^$R$FkF HG` y$-Qg_W~PnzolJ/Wm'jy"\.$LfK1OD[WwuYrEo)]~Xl^D,]VPb0[e!>~pyl~{^UXB$E%2\WjV BEV\kMa].SscVdgbqW2)"RRbU]2%Y}e*kJe4w mildew downy wnc fruits vegetable proven effective following control very in grapevine. Sensitivity to fluopicolide and biological characteristics of resistant mutants of Phytophthora capsici in Chongqing. XL, JW, and ZX conceived and designed the experiments.

contact this location, Window Classics-West Palm Beach 64, 172177. contact this location. Sporulation and zoospore production used the method reported previously (Miller, 1955; Lu et al., 2010). 0 Fungicides play the most important role in controlling P. capsici, combined with farming operations and biological control measures (Hwang and Kim, 1995; Hausbeck and Lamour, 2004). Each treatment consisted of three repetitions. 757 0 obj <> endobj Groundcovers 34, 125130. Acta Phytopathol. 0000034308 00000 n Thank you for your enquiry! Therefore, a moderate to high resistance risk of P. capsici to fluopicolide is estimated in fields in China. The fluopicolide-resistant isolates and their corresponding parental isolates were incubated on PDA media at 10, 18, 25, 30, and 37C. Lu, X. H., Hausbeck, M. K., Liu, X. L., and Hao, J. J. However, all zoospores swam normally at the concentration of 1 and 10 g/ml dimethomorph. The fungicide final concentrations are listed in Table 1, and the DMSO final concentration was adjusted to 0.1% (v/v). 0000000016 00000 n @d`If%mm. Table 5. Plant Dis. Greenhouse, lathhouse, and outdoor nurseries 0000035594 00000 n XL supervised the work. 25, 5256. ZX wrote the main manuscript. In this study, the biological characteristics, which more fully reflect the biological viability of the mutants, of a total of 15 mutants with different resistance levels and six corresponding parental strains were determined. Sporulation of the fluopicolide-resistant mutants derived from BYA5, Pc1723, A1, and JA8 was greater than or similar to that of the corresponding parental isolates in vitro, while mutants derived from LP3 and 12-11 produced sporangia that were fewer or comparable to the parents. 0000074893 00000 n doi: 10.1094/PD-90-1135. * Each crop and use may not be registered in every state. 11:185. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00185. This category only includes cookies that ensures basic functionalities and security features of the website. The in vivo pathogenicity of resistant mutants was not significantly different from that of the parental isolates, other than RFL-3 and RFA-1, which had lower disease incidence and index (Table 6). (59) Tj Explore NuFarm. PMRA 43 0 obj <> endobj Pflanzenschutz Nachr. Containing two modes of action for foliar application, INFINITO is also an ideal resistance management alternative for growers, INFINITO has two active ingredients that work together to deliver the ultimate protection against downy mildew.

This work was funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. (2001). 2017-04-30T23:54:04.489-04:00 Rank correlation analysis for cross-resistance between fluopicolide and other oomycete fungicides in Phytophthora capsici isolates. Miller, P. M. (1955). ORNAMENTAL PLANTS n The mutants derived from BYA5, Pc1723, 12-11, and mutant RFJ-8 presented faster mycelial growth, but LP3-mutants, RFJ-4 and RFJ-7 presented slower mycelial growth at 25C. Stem and fruit blight of peppers caused by Phytophthora capsici. Microbiol. 170802 0000079675 00000 n 88 0 obj<>stream Advances in research on Phytophthora capsici on vegetable crops in the United States. Plant Dis. Phytopathology 101, 10611073. 0000069859 00000 n Phytopathology 103, 920926. Phytopathology 100, 11621168. %N(uJ!XC&=Z:YTR5;|Ibs&<7`iZ09}}8uuu5JU}.XL.q|'d,Mr2e$(-an /N?-.(h"O[y2@ rkydr0=6R]9r :r2./=T{C ?wy0~B&_sK@X / Its generic name is 2,6-dichloro-N-[[3-chloro-5-(trifluoromethyl)-2-pyridinyl]methyl] benzamide (C14H8Cl3F3N2O) (Lazzari et al., 2008; Zhang et al., 2019). Lee, J. Y., Sherman, D. H., and Hwang, B. K. (2008). All resistant mutants grew faster than their parents at 37C, which was speculated to be more conducive to survival in the summer. All authors have read and approved the final manuscript. 21, 165174. A resistance factor (RF) was calculated as the ratio of EC50 values of a fungicide-resistant isolate relative to its parental isolate. At present, the resistance risk of P. capsici to fluopicolide in Michigan in the United States has been analyzed by Lu et al. Effect of temperature on mycelial growth of Phytophthora capsici fluopicolide-resistant mutants and wild-type on potato dextrose agar plates. 70-s/t B@&%bT55 A series of fluopicolide-resistant mutants of P. capsici were obtained by fungicide adaptation, and their biological traits were determined. \`@h*)O``{C/[i~o*-\Bid.C:*OADxPF[O2Nls)3[7AH{xWKK+$$.S"OS The narrow range and low EC50 values indicated that all wild-type isolates were sensitive to fluopicolide. q /Form Do Plant Pathol. Window Classics-Bonita Springs Plant Dis. endstream endobj 763 0 obj <>/Length 9/Matrix[1.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.0]/Resources<>>>/Subtype/Form/Type/XObject>>stream V-8 juice agar as a general-purpose medium for fungi and bacteria. Evaluation of the risk of development of fluopicolide resistance in Phytophthora erythroseptica. Check to be sure a specific use pattern is approved in your area before use. doi: 10.1094/PDIS-02-12-0211-FE, Grimmer, M. K., van den Bosch, F., Powers, S. J., and Paveley, N. D. (2014). Silvar, C., Merino, F., and Diaz, J. 100 gallons of spray solution will treat approximately 20,000 sq ft of area. 0000084773 00000 n PMRA 0000017777 00000 n Phytopathology 2, 401408. 0000028480 00000 n 0 Colony diameters were measured after incubation in the dark for 5 days, and each treatment consisted of three replicated plates. 0000016029 00000 n 2781 Vista Pkwy N Ste K-8 Use enough solution to wet the root zones of plants. uuid:807ecc7f-9e75-4bf9-93fb-89464f086542 In particular, zoospores stopped swimming, then gradually swelled and burst in a few minutes, at fluopicolide concentrations of 0.1, 1, and 10 g/ml, compared to dimethomorph. Fluopicolide The soil surface around each seedling was inoculated by adding 3 ml of zoospore suspension (2 104 zoospores/ml) of resistant mutants or their parental isolates. Fungicidal activity of fluopicolide for suppression of Phytophthora capsici on squash. Fluopicolide [97.2%, active ingredient (AI), Bayer Crop Science, Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China], zoxamide (97% AI, Gowan Company, United States), dimethomorph (95% AI, Gowan Company, United States), azoxystrobin (98% AI, Syngenta Biotechnology, Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China), fluazinam (95% AI, Japan Ishihara, Co., Ltd.), cyazofamid (98.4% AI, Mingde Lida Agricultural Technology, Co., Ltd., Beijing, China), metalaxyl (95% AI, Heben Technology, Co., Ltd., Zhejiang, China), chlorothalonil (98% AI, Henan Chunguang Agrochemical, Co., Ltd., Henan, China), oxathiapiprolin (96.7% AI, DuPont Crop Protection, Wilmington, DE, United States), and fluopimomide (LH-2010A, 98.6% AI, Shandong Joint Pesticide, Co., Ltd., Shandong, China) were respectively dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) for stock solutions (104 g/ml) and stored at 4C. Lamour, K. H., and Hausbeck, M. K. (2000). Sin. Therefore, the current results based on a large number of isolates can be used to provide a baseline reference for monitoring resistance changes of P. capsici to fluopicolide in fields in China. 79, 221228. & Toni. Citrus Quicksheet - Presidio Fungicide - 2018-PRD-8010-R2, Tobacco Quicksheet - Presidio Fungicide - 2019-PRD-8007, Vegetables Quicksheet - Presidio Fungicide - 2019-PRD-8003, Vegetables-AZ & CA Quicksheet - Presidio Fungicide - 2019-PRD-8004. Therefore, it is particularly important to assess the resistance risk and monitor the resistance development of oomycetes to available fungicides. ACTIVE INGR. (2019) only tested the sensitivity of some isolates of P. capsici in Chongqing. Euphytica 162, 2330. 0000009549 00000 n Billions of dollars from vegetable production are estimated to be threatened by P. capsici each year all over the world (Lamour et al., 2012). doi: 10.1094/PHYTO-12-09-0351. This excellent adaptability indicates that the resistant mutants would be more competitive to infect crops successfully in fields and demonstrates that the subpopulations could successfully colonize, reproduce, and dominate in response to the selection pressure of fluopicolide.

JW, ZX, and JM performed the experiments. A new mode of action for fluopicolide: modification of the cellular localization of spectrin-like protein. According to this division, 30 intermediately resistant mutants and 14 highly resistant mutants made up the 44 fluopicolide-resistant mutants. To plot the sensitivity of fluopicolide against those of 10 oomycete fungicides, EC50 values were transformed to relative logarithm values, and Spearman correlation analysis was conducted. Miami, FL33155 All statistical analyses were conducted using DPS software ver. A differential series of pepper (Capsicum annuum) lines delineates fourteen physiological races of Phytophthora capsici. No positive cross-resistance exists between fluopicolide and other anti-oomycete fungicides, except for fluopimomide due to its similar structure. For example, resistant mutant RFB-3 grew faster than its parent BYA5, and RFL-2 grew more slowly than its parent LP3, at 10C. The concentration of zoospores was measured and adjusted using a hemocytometer. %%EOF : fluopicolide (39.5%) Keeping disease pressure under control has been a cornerstone of high-quality vegetable production for the Taylor family for 75 years. endstream endobj startxref Mol. However, no resistant mutants were obtained from the other two parental isolates HNJZ10 and HD3, which might be due to sexual reproduction and genetic variation of those isolates (Hu et al., 2013; Pang et al., 2013; Miao et al., 2016). J. Pestic. Wang, Q. Y., Ma, G. H., Yin, X. W., Lu, Y. Y., Zhang, X. C., and Xu, Y. D. (2019). The differences between the means of EC50 values were determined using Duncans multiple range test at P = 0.05. Out of these cookies, the cookies that are categorized as necessary are stored on your browser as they are essential for the working of basic functionalities of the website. Phytopathology 90, 396400. %%EOF Hartman, G., and Huang, Y. Acrobat PDFMaker 11 for Word endstream endobj startxref Western Australian broccoli grower Brad Ipsen knows only too well the dangers of rainfall, high levels of cloud cover and humidity and, hence, the need for a good spray management program to safeguard his crops. Jackson, K. L., Yin, J. F., Csinos, A. S., and Ji, P. S. (2010). Sarasota, FL34231 Compared to dimethomorph, fluopicolide had strong inhibitory activity on the mycelium growth in vitro. Resistant colonies were transferred to new fungicide-free PDA plates for later tests. Wang et al. APPLICATION:spray, drench, KEY USES

Shrubs. 0000009660 00000 n Glosier, B. R., Ogundiwin, E. A., Sidhu, G. S., Sischo, D. R., and Prince, J. P. (2008). This can cause severe crop yield reduction and economic losses under suitable environmental conditions (Hausbeck and Lamour, 2004; Lamour et al., 2012). The seven sensitive isolates (LP3, BYA5, HNJZ10, JA8, Pc1723, 12-11, and HD3) were obtained from Henan, Hebei, Gansu, and Jiangxi provinces of China. Lazzari, V., Arcangeli, G., Gualco, A., Lazzati, S., Meyer, J., and Cantoni, A. EMC Brent, K. J., and Hollomon, D. W. (2007). 0>6{\fUl3z$;Hpb\/ Front. PLoS One 8:e56513. 88, 12921303. Additionally, the cross-resistance result indicated that the sensitivity of fluopicolide did not correlate with other oomycete fungicides, apart from fluopimomide (LH-2010A). Phytomed. KEY DISEASES CONTROLLED This suggests that fluopicolide should be applied limitedly in each season, or used alternately and mixed with other oomycete fungicides (except fluopimomide), to reduce or prevent rapid resistance development in fields. The strains isolated from the inoculated pepper seedlings were still resistant to fluopicolide (data not shown). Fluopicolide is a benzamide plant fungicide discovered and patented by AgrEvo UK Limited (since 2002 being a part of Bayer Crop Science) in 1999. Toquin, V., Barja, F., Sirvan, C., Gamet, S., Latorse, M. P., Zundel, J. L., et al. Fluopicolide 0000001792 00000 n 6 Luo, H. R., Xie, B. Y., Ma, F. H., and Zhu, G. R. (1999). Fluopicolide was validated to have substantial activity against P. capsici in different developmental stages, with EC50 values of 0.091.58 g/ml (Table 3). Sensitivities of Phytophthora capsici to fluopicolide were investigated in vitro, with results showing that fluopicolide had strong inhibitory activities on each development stage of P. capsici, in particular on the motility of the zoospore. After 5 to 7 days, when sufficient numbers of sporangia had been produced, sporulating cultures were flooded with 10 ml of sterile distilled water and incubated at 4C for 30 min, followed by 30 min at 25C for releasing zoospores. In addition, the sporangia malformation rates of mutants were significantly higher than those of the parents, where sporangia became significantly smaller and rounder. Received: 29 November 2019; Accepted: 24 January 2020;Published: 03 March 2020. Wild type sensitivity and mutation analysis for resistance risk to fluopicolide in Phytophthora capsici. St. Paul, MN: The American Phytopathological Society, 50266. {s]Cb{{D&\]pqxlKsWWcis&wa>} Black Shank, Blue Mold, Downy Mildew, Pythium, Phytophthora, Phytophthora Foot Rot, Root Rot. Distribution of fluopicolide sensitivity of 146 Phytophthora capsici isolates. The isolate A1 was obtained from Michigan and used for comparison with Chinese isolates. A kingdom level phylogeny of eukaryotes based on combined protein data. hb```,g@( 0000017568 00000 n application/pdf D:20151104151102 Health Canada - Sant Canada Giornate Fitopatologiche 2, 135140.

Concentrations used to determine the sensitivity of Phytophthora capsici to fluopicolide and dimethomorph in different developmental stages. Pathogenicity and virulence of Phytophthora capsici isolates from Taiwan on tomatoes and other selected hosts. Exp. Isolates were cultured on a potato dextrose agar (PDA) medium in Petri dishes at 25C in the dark for mycelial growth. 0000018164 00000 n Resistance stability of fluopicolide-resistant mutants of Phytophthora capsici. 76, 486489. Miao, J. Q., Cai, M., Dong, X., Liu, L., Lin, D., Zhang, C., et al. Furthermore, the unimodal distribution of low EC50 values (with a mean of 0.17 g/ml) has provided strong evidence that no fluopicolide-resistant subpopulations exist in the wild populations of P. capsici used in this study. FAMILY:carbamate Figure 2. Brussels: FRAC Press. Adorn Fungicide prevents water mold, root rot, stem rot, crown rot and damping off caused by oomycete diseases in ornamental plants. 4141 S Tamiami Trl Ste 23 `v TL`0i"A$kd@$G"9#@$?XGz83tA$K,H2HfrD*'H/720 F!:@ Xichengdaniujiao) were sown in a seedling tray (540 mm 280 mm 50 mm) with a peat and vermiculite mixture (1:1 v/v) and a little chicken manure in a greenhouse (27C 2C, 80% relative humidity, and 12-h photoperiod). NO. Diversity of Phytophthora capsici in Northwest Spain: analysis of virulence, metalaxyl response, and molecular characterization. (2011) previously determined the biological phenotypes of five resistant mutants and their corresponding five parents. Russell, P. E. (2004). Adorn Fungicide may be used on container, bench or bed grown ornamentals in greenhouses, lathhouses, shadehouses or outdoor nurseries, on conifers including Christmas trees and on ornamentals grown in outdoor landscapes.

FRAC (2020). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. 0000079639 00000 n Because when your operation is sustainable, we all win. H3 Hd?) J We will get back to you within the business day. 23, 183187. Plant Dis. The baseline sensitivities to fluopicolide of 146 isolates obtained from 28 provinces in China were initially determined, and the 50% inhibition of mycelial growth (EC50) distribution was a unimodal curve with a mean of 0.17 g/ml. The first step is to establish a baseline sensitivity for pathogen populations containing a large number of isolates (Russell, 2004). Using the right fungicide is a critical decision along the northwest coast of Tasmania, because wet weather that can sweep through the area creates ideal disease conditions, particularly in spring. In contrast, the cystospore germination rates of mutants obtained from A1 and 1211 were significantly lower than those of the parents (Table 6). This step was repeated until there was no significant difference in the linear growth of resistant colonies on the PDA plates with or without fluopicolide. Sporangial production and zoospore release of mutants and parental isolates were measured as described above (Miller, 1955; Lu et al., 2010). Microbiol. 1 1 47.0931 20 re 0000005581 00000 n This study determined the sensitivity of P. capsici to fluopicolide at different developmental stages. Apply the spray solution to all plant surfaces and to the point of runoff. REI:12 hours H10D~N1%i]+vR;DDAD*h_y">Pz"P+x\JiWmO$Hp,v h/tHk*QNh J? Resistance to mefenoxam and metalaxyl among field isolates of Phytophthora capsici causing Phytophthora blight of bell pepper. XL and JW revised the manuscript. EC50 values were calculated as described earlier, and Spearman correlation analysis was carried out on log-EC50 values to test the sensitivity associations between fluopicolide and each of the other 10 oomycete fungicides. 0000008835 00000 n Plant Dis. 8 The mutation frequency, calculated as the number of resistant mutants divided by the total number of inoculations, was approximately 1 104. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). I understand that I can unsubscribe at any time by clicking 'unsubscribe' at the bottom of the emails I receive. 8we6 791 0 obj <>/Filter/FlateDecode/ID[<9671B330F18541C5A76004A7DDB299D8><59D10477C2CAF24CAD48F5DCDC66AB17>]/Index[757 78]/Info 756 0 R/Length 147/Prev 311106/Root 758 0 R/Size 835/Type/XRef/W[1 3 1]>>stream Lu et al. EZ ?lthD8ZYVzj~z=VTXAAF3X\ZLc6FR 1`kOUAayUvVYgoLG/8/{z3QWH?tYTfZAw6O=6jelCiJlo}( lv{jgMgP4/EONZH)#Hf]=USOSki?|3jgaeE&4jjP5YrE+{5jJW+MsPJNM]?V R B$[]1 These experiments were conducted three times. These results suggest a moderate to high resistance risk of P. capsici to fluopicolide in China. The sensitivity profile of P. capsici to fluopicolide was evaluated using 146 isolates collected from 28 provinces in China without a history of fluopicolide application (Supplementary Table S1). See label for complete application precautions and restrictions, EPA REG. doi: 10.1094/PDIS-05-11-0372, Lu, X. H., Zhu, S. S., Bi, Y., Liu, X. L., and Hao, J. J. The resistance of mutants was stably inherited after 10 transfers of subculture on fluopicolide-free plates with stable RFs. The superior ability of mutants to oversummer has not been reported before, which indicates that mutants can easily become dominant populations in the field, and the management of resistance cannot be ignored. No differences existed in zoospore production between resistant mutants and their corresponding sensitive parental isolates, except for mutant RFL-3, which produced significantly fewer zoospores than wild-type parent LP3. The objective of this study was to assess the resistance risk of P. capsici to fluopicolide in China in relation to the above aspects. Mutation frequency was calculated as a ratio of resistant colonies to total number of colonies on plates. Resistance assessment for oxathiapiprolin in Phytophthora capsici and the detection of a point mutation (G769W) in PcORP1 that confers resistance. Looking for Turf, Ornamental, Aquatics, Industrial or Vegetation Management Products? (2016). A study on Phytophthora capsicis genetic resistance to metalaxy and cymoxianil. Plant Pathol. 0000074929 00000 n Each combination of isolate and concentration consisted of three replicate plates. (2019). The disease severity of all seedlings was rated after 7 days on a scale of 05: 0 = healthy plant, 1 = leaf yellowing and no stem necrosis, 2 = minor stem necrosis, 3 = moderate stem necrosis and some wilting, 4 = severe stem necrosis and severe wilting, and 5 = dead plant (Kim and Hwang, 1992; Hartman and Huang, 1993). PACKAGE SIZE: 12 x 1 qt bottle Kousik, C. S., and Keinath, A. P. (2007). Plant Dis. W 0000007026 00000 n Phytophthora spp. This may be related to the suspected target of fluopicolide, a spectrin-like protein (Toquin et al., 2006), which may play an important role in maintaining the stability of the cell membrane. The mycelial growth of all P. capsici isolates was measured on PDA plates amended with two series of fluopicolide concentrations (0, 0.05, 0.1, 0.25, 0.5, and 1 g/ml for wild-type sensitive isolates and 0, 5, 10, 20, 50, and 100 g/ml for resistant isolates). 16.764 5.568 Td 0 /MWFOForm Do CHEM. Fluopicolide-resistant mutants from mycelial plugs of wild-type isolates (LP3, BYA5, JA8, Pc1723, 12-11, and A1) were obtained by fungicide adaptation, which is representative of how resistance could develop naturally in fields. Fluopicolide resistance was considered to be controlled monogenically and semidominantly because of the high RF values (>1,000) and spontaneous resistance development of resistant mutants (Lu et al., 2011). (2014). For vegetables, Presidio Fungicide is targeted chemistry that protects crops threatened by downy mildew, damping off and Phytophthora root, crown and fruit rots caused by Phytophthora capsici. Evaluation of a matrix to calculate fungicide resistance risk. (2013). doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0056513, Parra, G., and Ristaino, J. The mutants derived from A1 and LP3, as well as mutants RFJ-4, RFJ-9, and RFJ-12, grew more slowly than their parents, and the hyphal growth rates of mutants RFB-1, RFJ-8, and RF1723-6 were higher than their parents at 18C. Brazier, C. (1998). Ten plugs (5 mm in diameter) from the culture edge and 10 from the area near the initial inoculum plug were placed into a 50-ml centrifuge tube containing 5 ml of sterile distilled water to produce zoospores. Make sure to complete the CAPTCHA validation at the bottom of the form or your message won't be submitted. Efficiency is key for a large vegetable growing operation like Premium Fresh, that is producing a range of crops across the north of Tasmania. Chin. Due to the low inherent risk of P. capsici, a moderate to high resistance risk of P. capsici to fluopicolide is estimated in fields in China, according to the grading standards of Brent and Hollomon (2007). Studies of fitness showed that fluopicolide-resistant isolates exhibited strong adaptive traits in different developmental stages, including mycelial growth, sporangium production, cystospore germination, and pathogenicity.