Geranyl acetate has anti-inflamm

2021/05/21

Geranyl acetate has anti-inflammatory [189], antifungal [189], and antimicrobial properties [190]. It showed positive effects on the mood, blood pressure, pain, inflammation, bloating, and indigestion in addition to its anti-depressant effects [75]. The acute dermal LD50 of d-limonene was >5 g/kg in rabbits, while the acute oral LD50 was >5 g/kg in rats [167]. Furthermore, Citrus EOs are used as natural preservatives due to their broad spectrum of biological activities including antimicrobial and antioxidant effects [9]. Essential oil inhalation on blood pressure and salivary cortisol levels in prehypertensive and hypertensive subjects.

Rombol L., Amantea D., Russo R., Adornetto A., Berliocchi L., Tridico L., Corasaniti M., Sakurada S., Sakurada T., Bagetta G., et al. Evaluation of a three-exposure mouse bone marrow micronucleus protocol: Results with 49 chemicals. Undiluted d-limonene was moderately irritating to rabbits [167]. D = Distilled; Ex = Expressed; FCF = Furanocoumarin-Free.

The diluted oil is used to treat pimples and acne [53].

Zang L., Shimada Y., Kawajiri J., Tanaka T., Nishimura N. Effects of yuzu (. Lemon oil was neither irritating nor sensitizing to volunteers when tested at 10% [167], and similar results were observed for distilled lime oil when tested at 15 and 100% [167].

Kim H.J., Chen F., Wu C., Wang X., Chung H.Y., Jin Z. Comparative investigation of the distilled lime oils (. Edible Medicinal and Non-Medicinal Plants. Rudzki E., Grzywa Z., Bruo W.S. Han X., Gibson J., Eggett D.L., Parker T.L. Similar to linalool, linalyl acetate does not cause photo-irritation or photo-allergy because it does not absorb UV light in the range of 290400 nm [182]. Effectiveness of antimicrobial formulations for acne based on orange (. Inhalation of the yuzu oil decreased total mood disturbance, tension-anxiety, anger-hostility, and fatigue, which are common premenstrual symptoms [152,153]. It also showed remarkable miticidal activity against Sarcoptes scabiei var. Kim S.H., Shin E.J., Hur H.J., Park J.H., Sung M.J., Kwon D.Y., Hwang J.T. It is neither irritating nor sensitizing at 20% [167].

The antibacterial activity of bitter orange EO was manifested by inhibiting the growth of Listeria innocua, Salmonella enterica, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas fluorescens, and Aeromonas hydrophila [53,63,64]. It increased social interactions for rats (time spent in active social interaction), and increased exploration time in the open arms of the elevated plus-maze (EPM) [55]. It showed a 100% singlet oxygen scavenging activity at all concentrations between 0.1 and 2% [20,78]. Dugo P., Mondello L., Proteggente A.R., Cavazza A., Dugo G. Oxygen heterocyclic compounds of bergamot essential oils. In addition, it has been shown to reduce neuronal damage caused in vitro by excitotoxic stimuli by preventing an injury-induced decrease of phosphorylated protein kinase B (phospho-Akt) and phosphorylated glycogen synthase kinase 3 (phospho-GSK-3) levels [137,138].

The analgesic effect of lemon EO is induced by dopamine-related activation of anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) and the descending pain inhibitory system [98]. Bigarade oil is produced from the outer

The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the Sweet orange EO is a potent fumigant against house flies, cockroaches, and mosquitoes [48,49]. Pirila V., Siltanen E., Pirila L. On the chemical nature of the eczematogenic agent in oil of turpentine. Essential Oil SafetyA Guide for Health Care Professionals. Neuro-Psychopharmacol.

Chidambara Murthy K.N., Jayaprakasha G.K., Patil B.S.

The acute oral LD50 of geranyl acetate is 6.33 g/kg in rats [183]. Opdyke D.L.J. Biological activities of different Citrus essential oils. Ullah N., Khan M.A., Khan T., Ahmad W. Nephroprotective potentials of, Friedman M., Henika P.R., Levin C.E., Mandrell R.E. -Cyclodextrin inclusion complexes containing, Rossi Y.E., Palacios S.M. Sex differences in the citrus lemon essential oil-induced increase of hippocampal acetylcholine release in rats exposed to a persistent painful stimulation. Effect of orange peel essential oil on oxidative stress in AOM animals. Neroli EO inhibits the growth of several bacteria including Bacillus subtilis, B. cereus, Staphylococcus aureus, S. epidermis, Enterococcus faecalis, Micrococcus luteus, Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella enteritidis, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Klebsiella pneumonia [53,79], as well as several fungi including Aspergillus niger, A. flavus, A. nidulans, A. fumigatus, Fusarium graminearum, F. oxysporum, F. culmorum, and Alternaria alternata [20,53,75,79]. The genus Citrus (Rutaceae) is one of the ancient, most traded, and most popular crops. Bitter orange EO showed good radical-scavenging activity [53], largely due to the high d-limonene content [12,13] and its microencapsulated form, which was effective in reducing oxidative stress in acute otitis media rats [61]. also used for obtaining Neroli oil fromflowers. Faturi C.B., Leite J.R., Alves P.B., Canton A.C., Teixeira-Silva F. Anxiolytic-like effect of sweet orange aroma in Wistar rats. leaves, twigs and small unripe fruit by steam distillation, the method Bodake H.B., Panicker K.N., Kailaje V., Rao K.V. Carvalho-Freitas M.I.R., Costa M. Anxiolytic and sedative effects of extracts and essential oil from, De Moraes Pultrini A., Almeida Galindo L., Costa M. Effects of the essential oil from, Pimenta F.C.F., Alves M.F., Pimenta M.B.F., Melo S.A.L., de Almeida A.A.F., Leite J.R., Pordeus L.C.D.M., Diniz M.D.F.F.M., de Almeida R.N. the primary irritant effect of terpenes. Akpinar B. The rectified oil was not sensitizing when tested at 30% on 25 volunteers [173]. Ben Chemical composition, fumigant and anti-acetylcholinesterase activity of the Tunisian. Singh P., Shukla R., Prakash B., Kumar A., Singh S., Mishra P.K., Dubey N.K. It also showed a good anti-aflatoxigenic effects (inhibited aflatoxin B1) at 500 ppm [44]. Yip Y.B., Tam A.C.Y. Yuzu odor was reported to decrease maternal anxiety for a sick child receiving an infusion at a pediatric clinic [151]. Evaluation of the effects of essential oil extracted from sweet orange peel (. Citrus fruits are consumed as a fresh fruit desert or used for making juice and jam. To avoid oxidation of d-limonene, Citrus oils should be stored in a dark air-tight container and placed at 4 C [8]. Interestingly, the C. aurantium flower extract showed anti-amnesic and repairing effects on memory, learning impairments, and behavioral disorders induced by scopolamine, and has the potential to treat Alzheimers disease [72]. Yuzu extract could be useful in treating heart failure as it prevents myocardial infarction (MI)-induced ventricular dysfunction and structural remodeling of myocardium [160]. Katsuyama S.K., Towa A.O., Amio S.K., Ato K.S., Agi T.Y., Ishikawa Y.K., Omatsu T.K., Agetta G.B., Akurada T.S., Akamura H.N. The Liposomal bergamot oil showed improved anticancer activity against SH-SY5Y cells because of its higher stability and higher bioavailability [135]. The presence of terpenes, flavonoids, carotenes, and coumarins is thought to be responsible for the strong anti-oxidative and antimicrobial activities [10,11,12,13,14].

Kim I.H., Kim C., Seong K., Hur M.H., Lim H.M., Lee M.S. Chemical diversity, biological activity, and genetic aspects of three, Ammar A.H., Bouajila J., Lebrihi A., Mathieu F., Romdhane M., Zagrouba F. Chemical composition and in vitro antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of.

Sweet orange EO in combination with ginger and accompanied by a massage was effective in alleviating moderate to severe knee pain among the elderly in Hong Kong [34]. Also, adding an antioxidant to preparations containing Citrus oils is recommended [8]. Rats exposed to lemon EO were able to find a target point faster than a control group [89].

The earliest records of its cultivation date back to 2100 BC [1]. Li G.X., Liu Z.Q.

Antioxidant and antinociceptive effects of. In addition, it has an intense larvicidal activity against the malaria vector, Anopheles labranchiae [46], and the vector of yellow and dengue fever, Aedes aegypti [47]. Kasahara K., Takahashi E., Nishibori K. Suppressing effect of yuzu peel on the odor of Niboshi soup stock. Yu L., Yan J., Sun Z. D-limonene exhibits anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties in an ulcerative colitis rat model via regulation of iNOS, COX-2, PGE2 and ERK signaling pathways. Berliocchi L., Ciociaro A., Russo R., Cassiano M.G.V., Blandini F., Rotiroti D., Morrone L.A., Corasaniti M.T. It inhibits the production of cytokines and ROS, and reduces eosinophil migration [150].

Due to their pleasant refreshing smell and rich aroma, Citrus EOs are also used in air-fresheners, household cleaning products, perfumes, cosmetics, and medicines.

Tirillini B. Med. The finest oils are produced Matura M., Skold M., Borje A., Andersen K.E., Bruze M., Frosch P., Goossens A., Johansen J.D., Svedman C., White I.R., et al. Neroli EO is used as a natural antiseizure and anticonvulsant agent [71]. The Complete Guide to Aromatherapy Brisbane. The acute dermal LD50 was higher than 5 g/kg in rabbits, while the acute oral LD50 was 14.5 g/kg in rats and 13.5 g/kg in mice [184]. It is not acutely toxic, nephrotoxic, or carcinogenic, but the oxidized d-limonene may carry some toxicity.

In rodent experiments, the pleasant, refreshing odor of bergamot decreased the symptoms of stress-induced anxiety and minimized behavior-related depressive disorders in chronic stressed rats [139]. Mandarin EO was neither irritating nor sensitizing to 25 volunteers when tested at 5 and 8% [167]. Rational basis for the use of bergamot essential oil in complementary medicine to treat chronic pain. Because of their high economic importance, numerous studies have investigated the chemical composition of the peel, leaf, and flower essential oils of different Citrus species. Prevention of glutamate accumulation and upregulation of phospho-Akt may account for neuroprotection afforded by bergamot essential oil against brain injury induced by focal cerebral ischemia in rat. Lemon EO causes activation of the sympathetic nerve activity innervating the white adipose tissue (WAT), which increases lipolysis and results in the suppression of body weight gain [92]. Da Silva J.K.R., Maia J.G.S., Dosoky N.S., Setzer W.N. Evaluation of the antioxidant and antiproliferative potential of bioflavors. Goes T.C., Antunes F.D., Alves P.B., Teixeira-Silva F. Effect of sweet orange aroma on experimental anxiety in humans.

Orange petitgrain EO showed a remarkable radical-scavenging activity, higher than the flower oil (neroli) and fruit peel oil (bitter orange) from the same plant [78,80]. Converting citrus wastes into value-added products: Economic and environmently friendly approaches. Anticancer activity of liposomal bergamot essential oil (BEO) on human neuroblastoma cells. Ezeonu F.C., Chidume G.I., Udedi S.C. Insecticidal properties of volatile extracts of orange peels. The acute dermal LD50 of -terpinene was >5 g/kg in rabbits, while the acute oral LD50 was 3.65 g/kg in rats [167].

about navigating our updated article layout. Sanguinetti M., Posteraro B., Romano L., Battaglia F., Lopizzo T., De Carolis E., Fadda G. In vitro activity of. Grapefruit oil was neither irritating nor sensitizing to volunteers when tested at 10 and 100% [167].

Camplo L.M., Moura Gonalves F.C., Feitosa C.M., de Freitas R.M. Anti-inflammatory properties and chemical characterization of the essential oils of four. Wattenberg L., Coccia J.B. Inhibition of 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone carcinogenesis in mice by D-limonene and citrus fruit oils. Effects of olfactory stimulation with rose and orange oil on prefrontal cortex activity. Antibacterial activities of plant essential oils and their components against. Gonalves M.J., Cruz M.T., Tavares A.C., Cavaleiro C., Lopes M.C., Canhoto J., Salgueiro L. Composition and biological activity of the essential oil from, Kakarla S., Ganjewala D. Antimicrobial activity of essential oils of four lemongrass (. The largest Oranges and lemons: Clues to the taxonomy of.

It was also reported to have antifungal effects against dermatophytes of the genera Trichophyton, Microsporum, and Epidermophyton [146].

The use of old or oxidized oils should be avoided.

Rezzadori K., Benedetti S., Amante E.R. Petitgrain oil is extracted from

Lehrner J., Eckersberger C., Walla P., Potsch G., Deecke L. Ambient odor of orange in a dental office reduces anxiety and improves mood in female patients. Due to the presence of limonene, bitter orange EO possesses its gastroprotective and ulcer healing actions through increasing the gastric production of mucus, which is useful as a secondary intervention in the treatment of chronic inflammatory diseases [60]. [15,16,17,18,19]. Similar to diazepam, bergamot oil exerted anxiolytic-like behaviors and attenuated hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis activity via reducing the corticosterone response to acute stress caused by EPM [140]. Chemical compositions of the peel essential oil of, Prez A., Alcala Y., Salem A.Z.M., Alberti A.B.

It has no carcinogenic activity [8]. It could be used in the treatment of dermatophytosis in animals [147]. word of caution: citrus oils, which in aromatherapy are called It is also used to suppress the odor of Niboshi soup stock [154].

Oral administration of lemon EO inhibited 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK)-induced neoplasia of the lungs and forestomach of female mice [91]. Bickers D., Calow P., Greim H., Hanifin J.M., Rogers A.E., Saurat J.H., Sipes I.G., Smith R.L., Tagami H. A toxicologic and dermatologic assessment of linalool and related esters when used as fragrance ingredients.

The antimicrobial effects of. Hata T., Sakaguchi I., Mori M., Ikeda N., Kato Y., Minamino M., Watabe K. Induction of apoptosis by. Yavari Kia P., Safajou F., Shahnazi M., Nazemiyeh H. The effect of lemon inhalation aromatherapy on nausea and vomiting of pregnancy: A double-blinded, randomized, controlled clinical trial. Smaller resolutions may cause the Nouri A., Shafaghatlonbar A. Physico-chemical characteristics of citrus seeds and seed oils from Pakistan. Moreover, formulations based on orange and sweet basil oils were effective in treating acne [39]. It presents an extremely low risk of skin sensitization [8]. Citrus Essential Oils: Flavor and Fragrance.

Injections of orange EO in mice 24 h after subcutaneous injections with dibenzo-[]-pyrene (DBP) reduced the tumor incidence to less than 50% after 30 weeks [36]. Valgimigli L., Gabbanini S., Berlini E., Lucchi E., Beltramini C., Bertarelli Y.L. Raw materials range from buds, This extract also showed hypocholesterolemic effect both in vitro and in vivo by reducing the weight gain, lipid accumulation, liver fat content, liver weight, total cholesterol, and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol [156]. Bergamot EO was reported to be cytotoxic against SH-SY5Y human neuroblastoma cells, suppressing their growth rate through a mechanism related to both apoptotic and necrotic cell death [133,134].

Bourgou S., Zohra F., Ourghemmi I., Saidani M. Changes of peel essential oil composition of four Tunisian citrus during fruit maturation.

They are an excellent source of vitamins, especially vitamin C. Processing Citrus fruits results in a significant amount of waste (peels, seeds, and pulps), which accounts for 50% of the fruit [3]. The site is secure. Endothelium- and smooth muscle-dependent vasodilator effects of. In addition, it is a potent antibacterial against Escherichia coli, Listeria monocytogenes, Bacillus subtilis, Enterococcus durans, E. hirae, Staphylococcus epidermidis, S. aureus, Enterobacter cloacae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Serratia marcescens, Shigella flexnerii, Streptococcus faecalis, Citrobacter spp., Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Salmonella typhi [111,113]. Sharma K., Mahato N., Cho M.H., Lee Y.R.

It also induced apoptosis in HL-60 cells due to the presence of citral, decanal, and octanal [28]. Matiz G., Osorio M.R., Camacho F., Atencia M., Herazo J. Intraplantar injection of bergamot EO, linalool, and linalyl acetate showed a peripheral antinociception effect in the capsaicin test mediated by a peripheral opioid mechanism [129,130].

It should be noted that there were some side effects, such as burning and redness that disappeared within a few minutes of completing the application [39].

Olfactory stimulation using orange EO induced physiological and psychological relaxation. The use of thyme and orange essential oils blend to improve quality traits of marinated chicken meat. Phototoxicity risk, irritation of the undiluted oil, acute dermal LD50 in rabbits, acute oral LD50 in rats, and maximum dermal use level for different essential oils from Citrus species. dTERRA International had no role in the writing or the decision to publish this manuscript. Anwar F., Naseer R., Bhanger M.I., Ashraf S., Talpur F.N., Aladedunye F.A. However, there is a possible skin sensitization issue if old or oxidized oil is used. -Pinene was classified as a category B substance in Germany, meaning it is considered moderately allergenic [196]. The effect of lemon, orange and bergamot essential oils and their components on the survival of.

oils are chemical compounds which contain the flavour and aroma of the and transmitted securely. Lime EO exhibited anti-inflammatory effects by reducing cell migration, cytokine production, and protein extravasation induced by carrageenan [110]. It is non-toxic, and is very minimally skin reactive [8]. Grapefruit EO was cytotoxic against human prostate and lung cancer cells [90]. Cruz-Valenzuela M.R., Tapia-Rodriguez M.R., Vazquez-Armenta F.J., Silva-Espinoza B.A., Ayala-Zavala J.F. Monographs on fragrance raw materials. Antimicrobial assays of natural extracts and their inhibitory effect against Listeria innocua and fish spoilage bacteria, after incorporation into biopolymer edible films. Genuine Ferhat M.A., Meklati B.Y., Smadja J., Chemat F. An improved microwave Clevenger apparatus for distillation of essential oils from orange peel. Bergamot EO inhibited tumor formation by the carcinogen NDMA in vitro by more than 70% [136].

Fagodia S.K., Singh H.P., Batish D.R., Kohli R.K. Phytotoxicity and cytotoxicity of, Fouad H.A., da Camara C.A.G. The term 'oil' It is neither toxic nor irritable to skin. Rimini S., Petracci M., Smith D.P. These aromatic substancesare seldom real oils. It showed phytotoxic activities against Avena fatua L., Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) Beauv, Allium cepa L., and Phalaris minor Retz [113]. & W.N.S. Lin C.M., Sheu S.R., Hsu S.C., Tsai Y.H. Viuda-Martos M., Mohamady M.A., Fernndez-Lpez J., Abd ElRazik K.A., Omer E.A., Prez-Alvarez J.A., Sendra E. In vitro antioxidant and antibacterial activities of essentials oils obtained from Egyptian aromatic plants.

Cavanagh H.M.A., Wilkinson J.M.

Terpinolene is an antioxidant [193].

Asjad H., Akhtar M., Bashir S., Gulzar B., Khalid R., Asad M. Phenol, flavonoid contents and antioxidant activity of six common citrus plants in Pakistan. amount of citrus oil for commercial use is made by vapour It also decreased the overall symptoms of premenstrual syndrome (PMS) in university students. A 10 min inhalation of the yuzu odor significantly decreased the heart rate and increased the high frequency power of heart rate variability reflecting parasympathetic nervous system activity, regardless of menstrual phase. The cutaneous effects of the common concretes and absolutes used in the perfume industry. It significantly enhances the trans-epidermal release of -tocopherol (vitamin E), retinyl acetate (vitamin A), pyridoxine (vitamin B6), and ascorbic acid (vitamin C) from topical emulsions in reconstructed human epidermis [101]. Interestingly, the essential oil (EO) is the most vital by-product of Citrus processing. This work was carried out as part of the activities of the Aromatic Plant Research Center. are often carelessly used interchangeably. Due to its free radical-scavenging properties, bitter orange extract showed nephroprotective effects against gentamicin-induced renal damage [62].

Lemon EO is a safe and effective penetration enhancer for topical administration of lipid- and water-soluble vitamins which are critical issues for the protection of anti-ageing formulations.

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