The chemical composition of the

2021/05/21

The chemical composition of the liquid oil was analyzed by GC-MS. Thus, a system is needed in order to remove the chlorine components in gas products. Cooking up fuel. 7:27. doi: 10.3389/fenrg.2019.00027. Appl. Nizami, A. S., Ouda, O. K. M., Rehan, M., El-Maghraby, A. M. O., Gardy, J., Hassanpour, A., et al.

For the processes of different reactor types, kiln and retort pyrolysis processes are characterized by a relatively low capital investment. 38, 385390. Energy 111, 884892. doi: 10.1080/15567036.2016.1153753, Rizzarelli, P., Rapisarda, M., Perna, S., Mirabella, E. F., La Carta, S., Puglisi, C., et al. The Combustion of Organic Polymers. 94, 209214.

1, 7484.

Thus, the heat supply of the plant is gradually increased with the progress of reaction time. and also consist of various types of plastics. Figure 4. Developing advanced catalysts for the conversion of polyolefinic waste plastics into fuels and chemicals. Miandad et al. The authors of this study have recently published work on the effect of feedstock composition and natural and synthetic zeolite catalysts without catalyst modification on different types of plastic waste (Miandad et al., 2017b; Rehan et al., 2017).

Polym. Eng. doi: 10.1016/j.cej.2012.06.146, Ogawa, T., Kuroki, T., Ide, S., and Ikemura, T. (1982). (2006) carried out pyrolysis of PS with PE with a ratio of 10 and 90%, respectively, and reported the maximum production of aromatics even at a very low ratio of PS.

B:Environ.

The functional groups in pyrolysis oil was analyzed by a FT-IR, Perkin Elmer's, UK instrument. Moreover, PE degradation follows a free radical chain process and hydrogenation process, while PS follows a radical chain process including various steps (Kiran et al., 2000). Conversion of polyethylene into gasoline-range fuels by two-stage catalytic degradation using SilicaAlumina and HZSM-5 Zeolite. London: Oxford University Press. These findings are in line with other studies that carried out catalytic pyrolysis of PP with various catalysts (Marcilla et al., 2004). Stab. The chemical composition of the pyrolysis oil was analyzed using GC-MS, and it was found that most of the liquid oil produced a high aromatic content with some aliphatic and other hydrocarbon compounds. There are many challenges and room for improvement in pyrolysis-based biorefineries, that need to be addressed and optimized to ensure maximum benefits. (2016b) reported that thermal pyrolysis of PE with PS without a catalyst, resulted in the conversion of PE into liquid oil with a high composition of aromatics. (2014) carried out TGA of PS with PE and observed two peaks, the first one for PS at a low temperature, followed by PE degradation at a high temperature. Chapter 17-Wastewater Biorefinery based on the microbial electrolysis cell: opportunities and challenges, in Progress and Recent Trends in Microbial Fuel Cells, eds K. Dutta and P. Kundu (New York, NY: Elsevier Inc.), 347374. Therefore, 450C could be taken as the optimum temperature, in the presence of activated NZ, for catalytic pyrolysis of the aforementioned plastic waste. This study is a step toward developing pyrolysis-based biorefineries.

(2013). Thermal properties of bio-flour-filled polyolefin composites with different compatibilizing agent type and content. Int. However, microporous and less acidic catalysts favor the production of long chain hydrocarbons as the cracking process occurred only on the outer surface of the catalysts. Fuel 116, 399408. (2018). The deposit of NZ in KSA mostly lies in Harrat Shama and Jabbal Shama and mainly contain minerals of mordenite with high thermal stability, making it suitable as a catalyst in plastic waste pyrolysis. Eng. (1997) reported the production of aromatics and aliphatic compounds from the catalytic pyrolysis of PE with HZSM-5, while the use of mesoporous MCM-41 decreased the aromatic compounds produced due to its low acid catalytic activity. Pyrolysis is a common technique used to convert plastic waste into energy, in the form of solid, liquid and gaseous fuels. According to Kim et al. Nileshkumar et al. If a PVC material is contained in the reactant, the hydrochloric acid is evolved during decomposition of PVC which causes air pollution. Furthermore, at the end of the spectrum, strong peaks at 2,850, 2,923, and 2,958 cm1 were observed in all types of liquid oils except the PS, corresponding to the C-H stretch of alkanes compounds.

doi: 10.1016/j.jaap.2004.01.005, Chandrasekaran, S. R., Kunwar, B., Moser, B. R., Rajagopalan, N., and Sharma, B. K. (2015). (2002) reported that PP degradation produces maximum gas in the presence of acid catalysts. The degradation of PP enhances the carbocation process due to the presence of tertiary carbon in its carbon chain (Jung et al., 2010). (2018). In this section we discuss the process flow diagram for the pyrolysis of waste plastics. Process Safety Environ. Saudi natural zeolite catalyst was modified via novel thermal activation (TA-NZ) at 550C and acid activation (AA-NZ) with HNO3 to enhance its catalytic properties. Pyrolysis of mixed plastics for the recovery of useful products. This material cannot be directly used in the pyrolysis process. Energy Sources A 38, 25982603. doi: 10.1016/0141-3910(91)90119-C, McNeill, I. C., Zulfiqar, M., and Kousar, T. (1990). (2011) reported that catalysts with high acidity enhanced the cracking of polymers during the catalytic pyrolysis. This material can block the flow line and make difficult the continuous control of unit process. The use of synthetic catalysts enhanced the overall pyrolysis process and improved the quality of produced liquid oil. J Colloid Interface Sci. Macromol. The global plastic production was estimated at around 300 million tons per year and is continuously increasing every year (Miandad et al., 2016a; Ratnasari et al., 2017). doi: 10.1016/j.wasman.2016.09.023. J. Anal. Similarly, more focus is needed to conduct further research and development work on enriching the biorefinery concept and to tap into its true potential. The catalytic pyrolysis of PP produced a complex mixture of liquid oil containing aromatics, olefins and naphthalene compounds. Degrad. Catalytic degradation of polystyrene into styrene and a design of recyclable polystyrene with dispersed catalysts. The compounds were chosen based on the similarity index (SI > 90%). Pyrolytic liquid fuel: a source of renewable energy in Makkah. doi: 10.1016/j.energy.2015.07.030, Nizami, A. S., Rehan, M., Waqas, M., Naqvi, M., Ouda, O. K. M., Shahzad, K., et al.

Gandidi et al. Int. Obali et al. doi: 10.1016/j.fuproc.2009.10.009, Kim, H. S., Kim, S., Kim, H. J., and Yang, H. S. (2006). Environ.

Thermal degradation studies of terephthalate polyesters: 1.

In addition, due to rapid urbanization, the land available for landfills, especially in cities, is reducing. Degradation mechanism of diethylene glycol units in a terephthalate polymer.

Pyrol. The catalytic pyrolysis of individual PS plastic using TA-NZ and AA-NZ catalysts showed the highest liquid oil yields of 70 and 60%, respectively, compared to all other types of individual and combined plastic waste studied. J. Anal. To overcome these process energy requirements, more advanced technologies can be developed using the integration of renewable energies such as solar or hydro with pyrolysis-based biorefineries, to achieve maximum economic and environmental benefits. The oil yield from both catalysts, TA-NZ and AA-NZ, in this case, is similar, 44 and 40%, respectively.

doi: 10.1016/j.fuproc.2009.01.003, Sriningsih, W., Saerodji, M. G., Trisunaryanti, W., Armunanto, R., and Falah, I. I. (2017) reported that intermediate olefins produced from catalytic pyrolysis of PE, further aromatized inside the pores of catalysts. Catalytic pyrolysis of waste plastics using staged catalysis for production of gasoline range hydrocarbon oils. The pyrolysis oil was characterized using different techniques such as gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrophotometry (GC-MS), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). The major compounds found were; benzene, 1,1-(1,3-propanediyl)bis-, mono(2-ethylhexyl) ester, 1,2-benzenedicarboxylic acid, anthracene, pentadecane, phenanthrene, 2-phenylnaphthalene and so on (Figures 4B, 5B). (2008) carried out pyrolysis of plastic waste with modified MCM-41 and HZSM-5 and reported that use of HZSM-5 produced lighter hydrocarbons (C3C4) with maximum aromatic compounds. 1. Furthermore, it is vital to conduct a detailed economic and environmental impact assessment of biorefineries during a design stage, using specialized tools such as the life-cycle assessment (LCA). Thermochim. Dev. Energy Eng. The catalytic pyrolysis of PP produced higher liquid oil (54%) with the AA-NZ catalyst than the TA-NZ catalyst (40%) (Figure 3). The high heating values (HHV) of produced liquid oil obtained from different types of plastic waste were measured following the standard ASTM D 240 method with a Bomb Calorimeter (Parr 6200 Calorimeter) instrument, while production of gas was estimated using the standard mass balance formula, considering the difference of weights of liquid oil and char. Polym. Nileshkumar, K. D., Jani, R. J., Patel, T. M., and Rathod, G. P. (2015). Res. This is why a more in-depth and accurate qualitative chemical analysis is needed to fully understand the chemistry of pyrolysis oil, using advanced calibration and standardization and using different MS detectors like SCD and NCD as well as different GC columns. Gandidi, I. M., Susila, M. D., Mustofa, A., and Pambudi, N. A. Optimization process control for hindering the coke formation is an important key in a large-scale plant.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). Stud. The selection of these plastic materials was made based on the fact that they are the primary source of plastic waste produced in KSA. Demirbas (2004) carried out pyrolysis of PS/PE/PP and reported similar results for the product yield. The pyrolysis oil obtained from various plastic types need to be cleaned significantly before it is used in any application, to ensure minimal environmental impact. Catal. World Bank. The pyrolysis reactor can hold up to 20 L of feedstock and the maximum working safe temperature of up to 600C can be achieved with the desired heating rates. doi: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2004.06.001, Zeaiter, J. doi: 10.7763/IJESD.2015.V6.619. A slight decrease in the liquid oil yield from AA-NZ could be due to its high acidity. The difference in TGA curves of various types of plastics could be due to their mesoporous structure (Chandrasekaran et al., 2015). 91, 304310. Literature reports that the presence of these volatile impurities further promotes the degradation process of polymers (McNeill and Bounekhel, 1991; Dziecio and Trzeszczynski, 2000). Miandad et al. Adnan et al. doi: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2016.04.116, Obali, Z., Sezgi, N. A., and Dou, T. (2012). 77, 18941901. (2016). FT-IR results showed clear peaks of aromatic compounds in all liquid oil samples with some peaks of alkanes that further confirmed the GC-MS results. Also, the impact on the environment in the pyrolysis of waste plastics must be taken into consideration. (1982) carried out pyrolysis of PS with the alumina-silica catalyst at 300C and found the hydrogenation of styrene to its derivate. In recent years, NZ has gained significant attention for its potential environmental applications. The residue (char) left after the pyrolysis process can be utilized for several environmental applications. This is probably the reason for achieving maximum PP degradation at a lower temperature. Pyrol. Figure 2. (2004) used different kinds of catalysts and reported that even mixing of HZSM-5 with mesoporous SiO2-Al2O3 or MCM-41 led to the maximum production of liquid oil with minimal gas production. There was a significant difference in the liquid oil yield of 54 and 34% for catalytic pyrolysis of PS/PP (50/50% ratio) with TA-NZ and AA-NZ catalysts, respectively.

Effect of polyethylene terephthalate on the catalytic pyrolysis of polystyrene: Investigation of the liquid products. doi: 10.1016/j.wasman.2013.12.005, Xue, Y., Johnston, P., and Bai, X. Uemichi et al. Plastic waste recycling is carried out in different ways, but in most developing countries, open or landfill disposal is a common practice for plastic waste management (Gandidi et al., 2018). Degrad. The disposal of plastic waste in landfills provide habitat for insects and rodents, that may cause different types of diseases (Alexandra, 2012). The gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis of oil showed a mixture of aromatics, aliphatic and other hydrocarbon compounds. Ramli et al. Peterson, J. D., Vyazovkin, S., and Wight, C. A. Polystyrene degradation studies using Cu supported catalysts. (2016b). Aguado et al. (2004). 207, 421425. The presence of PS with PE promotes the degradation process due to the production of an active stable benzene ring from PS (Miandad et al., 2016b). (2014). The production of a benzene derivate reveals that TA-NZ enhances the process of aromatization compared to AA-NZ. Recovery of indan derivatives from polystyrene waste. Energy Conv. 90, 545552. Appl. polyethylene Polym. Figure 6. The outcomes of LCA will help to determine the sustainability of biorefineries, which is crucial in making the right decision. The obtained data revealed the presence of aromatics and aliphatic functional groups in the oil (Figures 6, 7). As the temperature increases above certain values, the plastic waste (organic polymers) converts into monomers that are transferred to the condenser, where these vapors are condensed into liquid oil. Cullis, C. F., and Hirschler, M. M. (1981). Therefore, it has the potential to be used in various energy and transportation applications after further treatment and refining.

PS has a cyclic structure, and its degradation under the thermal condition involves both random chain and end-chain scission, which enhances its degradation process (Demirbas, 2004; Lee, 2012). Alpha-Methylstyrene, Benzene, 1,1-(2-butene-1,4-diyl)bis-, Bibenzyl, Benzene, (1,3-propanediyl), Phenanthrene, 2-Phenylnaphthalene and so on were the major compounds found in the produced liquid oil (Figures 4A, 5A). The reactor type in the pyrolysis or/and catalytic cracking process is generally constant stirred tank reactor (CSTR) and plug flow reactor. The chemical composition of pyrolysis oil, by different functional groups, was studied using FT-IR. Finally, the product obtained is separated from the distillation tower, such as gas product, light oil product and heavy oil product. Catalytic pyrolysis of PS/PE/PP (50/25/25% ratio) showed slightly lower liquid oil yields as compared to catalytic pyrolysis of all individual plastic types. Polym. Pyrol. Catalytic pyrolysis of flame retarded high impact polystyrene over various solid acid catalysts.

In order to obtain an oil product in the pyrolysis of waste plastics, the major steps for waste plastics that are derived from the household, industry, etc. Overall, the FT-IR analysis provided more insight into the chemical composition of liquid oil produced, from catalytic pyrolysis of different plastic waste, using modified NZ catalysts and further confirmed our GC-MS results. Various studies also reported the lower production of char from the catalytic pyrolysis of PE (Xue et al., 2017). Biofuels Bioprod. TA-NZ and AA-NZ contain a high amount of alumina and silica that leads to the hydrogenation of styrene to its derivate, resulting in the production of styrene monomers instead of styrene. (2017). Various researchers have reported similar results, that liquid oil produced from PS was dominant with aromatics. However, the second degradation started at a slightly higher temperature (550C).

Clim. Degrad. doi: 10.1016/j.jcis.2017.10.029, Miandad, R., Nizami, A. S., Rehan, M., Barakat, M. A., Khan, M. I., Mustafa, A., et al. 34, 676682. Civil Eng. Two more peaks, that are obvious, were visible at around 1,456 and 1,495 cm1 for C-C with single and double bonds, corresponding to aromatic compounds. (2006). The catalytic pyrolysis of PS with PE (50/50% ratio) in the presence of TA-NZ catalyst produced 44% liquid oil, however 52% liquid oil was obtained using the AA-NZ catalyst. Resour.

Lee (2012) reported that ZSM-5 produced more aromatic compounds compare to the mordenite catalyst, due to its crystalline structure. doi: 10.1016/j.enconman.2017.03.071, Yoshioka, T., Grause, G., Eger, C., Kaminsky, W., and Okuwaki, A. The maximum degradation for each type of plastic waste was achieved within 420490C. 37, 867872. Catalytic degradation of polyethylene over mesoporous molecular sieve MCM-41 modified with heteropoly compounds. Untapped conversion of plastic waste char into carbon-metal LDOs for the adsorption of Congo red. In the third step, the separated plastics are delivered by the feeding system such as the conveyer, hopper and extruder, etc. NZ was crushed into powder (<100 nm) in a ball-milling machine (Retsch MM 480) for 3 h using 20 Hz/sec, before modification and its usage in pyrolysis. Panda, A. K., and Singh, R. K. (2013). A similar two-stage degradation pattern was observed for PET plastic and the initial degradation started at 400C with a sharp decrease in weight loss. Catalytic conversion of polyolefins into liquid fuels over MCM-41: comparison with ZSM-5 and amorphous SiO2Al2O3. However, some of the aromatic hydrocarbons are known carcinogens and can cause serious human health and environmental damage. doi: 10.1021/acs.energyfuels.5b01083. (2004) reported highly reactive olefin production, as intermediate products during the catalytic pyrolysis of PE, that may favor the production of paraffin and aromatic compounds in produced liquid oil. Catalytic degradation of high density polyethylene over mesoporous and microporous catalysts in a fluidised-bed reactor. Yield and composition of gases and oils/waxes from the feedstock recycling of waste plastic. In Feeds Tock Recycling and Pyrolysis of Waste Plastics: Converting Waste Plastics into Diesel and Other Fuels, eds J. Scheirs and W. Kaminsky (West Sussex: John Wiley & Sons Press), 285309. Catalytic pyrolysis is a promising technique to convert plastic waste into liquid oil and other value-added products, using a modified natural zeolite (NZ) catalyst. Polym. This indicates that, as expected, the AA-NZ had better catalytic properties than the TA-NZ. ACS Catal. 109, 196204. Catalytic recycling of the mixture of polypropylene and polystyrene. Biorefining 8, 645657. (2014) carried out TGA of PS with PE and reported that the presence of PS favors the degradation of PE, due to the production of stable benzene rings. doi: 10.1016/j.ibiod.2016.11.015, Rehan, M., Nizami, A. S., Shahzad, K., Ouda, O. K. M., Ismail, I. M. I., Almeelbi, T., et al.

The distribution of the oil product must be decided by market circumstances. In this study, we used the mass percentage of different chemicals found in oil samples, calculated based on the peak areas identified by a normal phase DP5-MS column and FID. Therefore, in the next step separation treatments must be applied to obtain waste plastic with a homogeneous composition.

PE and PET showed a two-stage decomposition process; the initial degradation started at lower temperatures followed by the other degradation stage at a higher temperature. Overall catalytic pyrolysis of PP/PE produced the maximum amount of gas with low amounts of char. This means that pyrolysis oil may not be much better than conventional diesel or other fossil-based fuels in terms of GHG emissions, though much detailed research studies on mass and energy balance across the whole process's boundaries are needed to confirm this. The catalytic pyrolysis was carried out using an individual or mixture of these plastic wastes in different ratios (Table 1). 85, 150155. doi: 10.1016/S0926-3373(99)00130-7, Serrano, D. P., Aguado, J., and Escola, J. M. (2012). However, microporous catalysts hinder the entrance of larger molecules and thus higher carbon chain compounds are produced from catalytic pyrolysis of PE with microporous catalysts. A., and Escola, J. M. (1997). In addition, the problem of low thermal conductivity of polymers is overcome by a fluidized system and thus heat transfer gradients are eliminated. Pyrolysis studies of PP/PE/PS/PVC/HIPS-Br plastics mixed with PET and dehalogenation (Br, Cl) of the liquid products. Biorefineries have a great potential to convert waste into energy and other valuable products and could help to achieve circular economies. doi: 10.1016/j.fuel.2014.05.028, Keywords: catalytic pyrolysis, pyrolysis based biorefineries, natural zeolite, plastic waste, aromatic compounds, modified natural zeolite, catalyst, Citation: Miandad R, Rehan M, Barakat MA, Aburiazaiza AS, Khan H, Ismail IMI, Dhavamani J, Gardy J, Hassanpour A and Nizami A-S (2019) Catalytic Pyrolysis of Plastic Waste: Moving Toward Pyrolysis Based Biorefineries. Table 2.

Batool et al. The small pilot scale reactor has the capability to be used as both a thermal and catalytic pyrolysis, using different feedstocks such as plastic and biomass materials (Figure 1). 74, 297305. A process study on the pyrolysis of waste polyethylene. Benzene, 1,1-(2-butene-1,4-diyl)bis-, benzene, 1,1-(1,3-propanediyl)bis-, anthracene, 9-methyl-, naphthalene, 2-phenyl-, 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-1-phenyl-, naphthalene, phenanthrene etc. doi: 10.1016/j.tca.2006.09.013, Kim, J. R., Yoon, J. H., and Park, D. W. (2002). All datasets generated for this study are included in the manuscript and/or the supplementary files. Activation of waste tire char by cyclic liquid-phase oxidation. High Heating Values (HHV) of pyrolysis oil from various feedstocks using TA-NZ and AA-NZ catalysts. Pyrolysis is the thermal degradation of plastic waste at different temperatures (300900C), in the absence of oxygen, to produced liquid oil (Rehan et al., 2017). The high char production numbers were due to the high acidity of the catalyst, which favors char production via intense secondary cross-linking reactions (Serrano et al., 2000). The mesoporous and acidic catalyst leads to the production of shorter chain hydrocarbon due to its high cracking ability (Lopez et al., 2011). Other aspects for optimization of pyrolysis based biorefineries, such as new emerging advanced catalysts including nano-catalysts, have to be developed and applied in pyrolysis processes in order to increase the quality and yield of products, and to optimize the overall process. J. Anal. Thus, the pyrolysis liquid oil produced from various plastic wastes has the potential to be used as an alternative source of energy. J. Life cycle optimization for sustainable design and operations of hydrocarbon biorefinery via fast pyrolysis, hydrotreating and hydrocracking. Degrad. J. Anal. After being sufficiently heated in the sludge system, the product obtained is used as a valuable oil, but the solid char/coke retained is landfilled or incinerated. Waste plastics mixture of polystyrene and polypropylene into light grade fuel using Fe2O3 catalyst. Moreover, the presence of an acidic catalyst and free hydrogen atom may lead to alkylation of toluene and benzene, converting intermediate alkylated benzene to the production of naphthalene due to aromatization (Xue et al., 2017). A wide range of catalysts have been employed in plastic pyrolysis processes, but the most extensively used catalysts are ZSM-5, zeolite, Y-zeolite, FCC, and MCM-41 (Ratnasari et al., 2017). Appl. Pyrolysis of municipal plastic wastes for recovery of gasoline-range hydrocarbons. Liquid and gaseous fuel from waste plastics by sequential pyrolysis and catalytic reforming processes over indonesian natural zeolite catalysts. doi: 10.1002/app.1982.070270306. J. Chem.

doi: 10.1016/j.jaap.2016.12.027, Rehan, M., Miandad, R., Barakat, M. A., Ismail, I. M. I., Almeelbi, T., Gardy, J., et al.

The end-chain scission results in monomer production while random chain scission produces oligomers and monomers (Peterson et al., 2001). Appl. Serious consideration is therefore needed in this regard. MR and ASA have analyzed the data and written parts of the manuscript.

For thermal activation (TA), NZ was heated in a muffle furnace at 550C for 5 h, while for acidic activation (AA) NZ was soaked in a 0.1 M solution of nitric acid (HNO3) for 48 h and continuously shaken using an IKA HS 501 digital shaker with 50 rpm.

Sitemap 43

- le creuset enameled cast iron safe

preserved eucalyptus branches