Identification of Spiroplasma in

2021/05/21

Identification of Spiroplasma insolitum symbionts in Anopheles gambiae. The editor and reviewer's affiliations are the latest provided on their Loop research profiles and may not reflect their situation at the time of review. doi: 10.1016/j.jip.2006.08.002, Ngure, P. K., Kasili, S., Anjili, C. O., Karanja, R. M., Kaburi, J., Mwangi, M., et al. The private sector is an essential partner, and collaboration has been and is strong with Real IPM, leading to the registration and development of several biopesticide products and application technologies. Potter, M. (2004). Species-specific transcriptional profiles of the gut and gut microbiome of Ceratitis quilicii and Ceratitis rosa sensu stricto. Ssepuuya et al. The identification of non-occluded viruses infecting salivary glands of tsetse flies triggered extensive basic research on the virus in the 1980's. 6, 293301. Infection of Anopheles gambiae mosquitoes with entomopathogenic fungi: effect of host age and blood-feeding status. Even if some mortality among bees is experienced in the laboratory, negative interactions may not occur in the field due to, for example, grooming or other social behavior of bees. Globally, >2,000 insect species form part of the traditional diets of at least 2 billion people. The choice of rearing substrate is crucial, coupled with pre-treatment or sterilization of organic waste substrates before usage as well as postharvest treatments of H. illucens larvae (Khamis et al., 2019). In addition, one biopesticide based on M. anisopliae strain ICIPE 7 is in the final stages of registration and subsequent commercialization for the management of livestock ticks and S. frugiperda. KA, SS, TD, and SE designed the review outline. Politzar, H., and Cuisance, D. (1982). Insect Sci. doi: 10.1101/2020.04.06.027367, Maniania, N. K. (1992). 39, 468475. *Correspondence: Thomas Dubois, tdubois@icipe.org, Entomopathogens for Sustainable Food Production, Front. However, changes are occurring, with South Africa and Kenya leading in biopesticide development and use. Besides those harmful to the animal or human consuming the insect, a second category of microbes are those harmful to the insect itself. Trichoderma asperellum strain M2RT4 was found to be very effective against root knot nematodes (Meloidogyne sp.) doi: 10.1007/BF02059896, Tumuhaise, V., Ekesi, S., Maniania, N. K., Tonnang, H. E. Z., Tanga, C. M., Ndegwa, P. N., et al. In the absence of effective alternative management options to tackle these pests and vectors, there is extensive dependence on synthetic pesticides for their management on crop and livestock systems, with significant negative impacts on animal and human health, and the environment. Dev. Parasitol. A novel area of research is integration of IPM with pollination services. Compatibility between Calpurnia aurea leaf extract, attraction aggregation, and attachment pheromone and entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium anisopliae on viability, growth, and virulence of the pathogen. This repository is an invaluable resource for screening entomopathogens against key indigenous and invasive arthropod pests in sub-Saharan Africa. Economic evaluation of integrated management of fruit fly in mango production in Embu County, Kenya. Use of Metarhizium anisopliae chitinase genes for genotyping and virulence characterization. ecourse uoi Gries, R., Britton, R., Holmes, M., Zhai, H., Draper, J., and Gries, G. (2015). Biological control and biorational pesticides for fall armyworm management, in Fall Armyworm in Africa: A Guide for Integrated Pest Management, eds B. M. Prasanna, J. E. Huesing, R. Eddy, V. M. Peschke (Texcoco: CYMMIT), 6388. Trop. Transfer of inoculum of Metarhizium anisopliae between adult Glossina morsitans morsitans and effects of fungal infection on blood feeding and mating behaviors. Mohamed, S., Akutse, K. S., Khamis, F., Jehle, J., Tiba, S. B., Kroschel, J., et al. Recently, icipe has demonstrated that the vertically transmitted microsporidian symbiont Microsporidia MB in A. arabiensis can impair Plasmodium sp. 46, 183189. APU also has a strong postdoctoral program on basic and applied insect pathology research. 32:annex. Arthropod pathogen germplasm repository at the International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe) for biopesticides development. doi: 10.1006/bcon.1997.0580, Maniania, N. K. (2002). 165, 5466. Effects of entomopathogenic fungi and Bacillus thuringiensis-based biopesticides on Spoladea recurvalis (Lepidoptera: Crambidae). The use of a semiochemical bait to enhance exposure of Amblyomma variegatum (Acari:Ixodidae) to Metarhizium anisopliae (Ascomycota: Hypocreales). Pest Control Technol. Metarhizium anisopliae strain ICIPE 30 is currently being registered against the tsetse flies Glossina morsitans morsitans, Glossina fuscipes fuscipes and Glossina pallidipes. In most cases, field efficacy trials and product formulation are conducted with private sector partners. Trapping tsetse flies through use of odor baits holds promise as a viable and environmentally sustainable technology, and may be combined with biopesticides as a killing agent. Pyralidae). According to the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), biopesticides are pesticides derived from natural materials such as animals, plants, bacteria and certain minerals, and can be classified in three classes: (1) microbial pesticides, which consist of a microorganism as the active ingredient; (2) biochemical pesticides, which are naturally occurring substances that control pests by non-toxic mechanisms such as insect sex pheromones and plant extracts; and (3) plant-incorporated protectants, which are pesticidal substances that plants produce from genetic material that has been added to the plant. doi: 10.1007/s10886-012-0207-6, Mburu, D. M., Ochola, L., Maniania, N. K., Njagi, P. G., Gitonga, L. M., Ndung'u, M. W., et al. The efficacy of several strains of entomopathogenic fungi, microsporidia, Bacillus thuringiensis and other entomopathogenic bacteria was tested in the laboratory and the field against major staple food crop pests such as maize stemborers, the bean pod borer Maruca vitrata and the cassava green mite Mononychellus tanajoa. Res. J. Pest Sci. Relative influence of host, Wolbachia, geography and climate on the genetic structure of the Sub-Saharan parasitic wasp Cotesia sesamiae. The majority of arthropod pathogenic strains belong to M. anisopliae, and include M. anisopliae strain ICIPE 18 (against T. absoluta, Maruca vitrata, C. partellus and B. fusca) (Maniania, 1993), M. anisopliae strain ICIPE 20 (against T. absoluta and S. frugiperda and the pea leafminer Liriomyza huidobrensis) (Migiro et al., 2010; Mohamed et al., 2017; Akutse et al., 2019a), M. anisopliae strains ICIPE 40, ICIPE 41, ICIPE 315 and ICIPE 655 (against S. frugiperda) (Akutse et al., 2019a), M. anisopliae strain ICIPE 30 (against the amaranth leaf webber Spoladea recurvalis (Opisa et al., 2018, 2019); the stemborers C. partellus and B. fusca (Maniania, 1993); the mosquitoes A. gambiae and A. aegypti; the tsetse flies G. morsitans morsitans, G. fuscipes fuscipes and G. pallidipes; and the sand flies Phlebotomus martini and P. duboscqi) (Ngumbi et al., 2011; Ngure et al., 2015); and M. anisopliae strain ICIPE 51 (against the termite Macrotermes michaelseni) (Mburu et al., 2009, 2013). For instance, presence of Wolbachia sp. (2001). Hypocrea lixii strain F3ST1 and T. asperellum strain M2RT4 reduce Meloidogyne sp. (2017). Front.

Using the integrated pest and pollinator management (IPPM) paradigm, research is aimed at ensuring biopesticides are compatible with pollination services. ), cereal stemborers (C. partellus and Busseola fusca), the diamondback moth Plutella xylostella, the African bollworm Helicoverpa armigera, the red spider mite Tetranychus urticae, the tomato spider mite Tetranychus evansi, aphids, thrips, fruit flies, pod borers, pod suckers, storage beetles, the false codling moth Thaumatotibia leucotreta and, recently, the fall armyworm Spodoptera frugiperda and the tomato leafminer Tuta absoluta significantly reduce sustainable production of staple and horticultural crops, and consequently inflict enormous economic losses. Current research at icipe on avocado focuses on selection of M. anisopliae strains against tephritid fruit flies and T. leucotreca that are not pathogenic to the Western honey bee Apis mellifera and the stingless bee Meliponula ferruginea. Concurrently, research focused on innovative formulations (oil-based, granular and dry spore formulations) and development of novel application strategies such as lure-and-infect, spot-sprays and autodissemination. Insect Sci. icipe has actively engaged in research to identify virulent entomopathogens of these pests, with a greater emphasis on entomopathogenic fungi belonging to the genera of Metarhizium sp. Microbiol. Your guide to bed bugs. Int. We found that the chitinase genes chi2 and chi4 of eight M. anisopliae strains (ICIPE 7, 20, 30, 41, 62, 63, 69 and 78) did not reveal major divergences as the predicted protein structure of chi2 was identical for all the selected strains. (1986). Vet. J. Insect Physiol. Electr. (2020). J. Chem. 127, 11511154. Parasitol. Entomol. infections in invasive populations of Bactrocera dorsalis in Africa has been observed, which were previously unreported in Asia (Gichuhi et al., 2019). Currently, the most virulent strains are assessed for non-target effects on natural enemies and formulations are fine-tuned for optimal field applications as a function of life stage, with field efficacy evaluation and fast-tracking of registration or label extension envisaged during 2020. During the registration process, icipe, in collaboration with the private sector and accredited good laboratory practice (GLP) laboratories, facilitates the generation of required eco- and mammalian toxicity test data, and assures quality. Econom. nematodes through systemic induced resistance (Kiriga et al., 2018). Undoubtedly, growers, both small- and large-scale, are becoming increasingly aware of the benefits of using biopesticides and decide to apply them, backed by strong awareness campaigns and capacity building by icipe and its partners. Health and environmental effects of adopting an integrated fruit fly management strategy among mango farmers in Kenya. Res. With an annual compounded growth rate of more than 15%, it is anticipated that biopesticide market share will equal that of synthetic pesticides between 2040 and 2050 (Olson, 2015; Dalmas and Koutroubas, 2018). Res. These biopesticides are integrated into a package that includes monitoring and mass trapping, resistant cultivars, protected cultivation, field sanitation and classical biological control. The manuscript was written by KA, TD, and SS. Fungal endophytes as promising tools for the management of bean stem maggot Ophiomyia phaseoli on beans Phaseolus vulgaris. icipe is currently testing other entomopathogens to broaden the biopesticide product range against S. gregaria through its established partnership with the private sector and regulatory authorities for fast-tracking registration and commercialization. Insect Sci. Control 11, 248254.