calcium carbonate 1,250 mg 500 mg elemental calcium

2021/05/21

1983). 0000000845 00000 n xb```e`` Ar,;6 Citracal Slow Release 1200 Calcium With Vitamin D3, Citracal Slow Release 1200 Calcium With Vitamin D3, Caplets, 80 CT, Nature Made Calcium (Carbonate) 600 mg. with D, Nature Made Calcium (Carbonate) 600 mg. with D Tablets Mega Size, 220CT. Ask a doctor or pharmacist before use if you are taking a prescription drug. Each serving of Nature Made Calcium 500 mg with Vitamin D provides 500 mg of Calcium and 10 mcg (400 IU) of Vitamin D3. Contrary to calcite, 131120 slip on {1104} is minor in dolomite. She was advised to continue taking the same dose of levothyroxine but to separate her medications. 2000). 0 Fourth, even after apparent cure of clinical, biochemical, radiologic, and bone histologic abnormalities, many patients remain at risk for fractures because of irreversible cortical bone loss. To convert to mg of salt, divide elemental dose by 0.4. Above 500 C, calcite can also be deformed by 131120(0001) glide and 130110{1102} (De Bresser and Spiers 1997). We use cookies to help provide and enhance our service and tailor content and ads. When using this product, do not take more than 6 teaspoonfuls (30 mL) in a 24-hour period or use the maximum dosage for more than 2 weeks. 0000005217 00000 n In Meyler's Side Effects of Drugs (Sixteenth Edition), 2016, P. Calvert, in Encyclopedia of Materials: Science and Technology, 2001. 1. Store tightly closed, in a cool, dry place, out of reach of children. Christophe Drouet, Anna Tampieri, in Advances in Ceramic Biomaterials, 2017. $"#J|aGsRAv6q. su^% Treatment of rickets and osteomalacia must be based on their pathogenesis. Adults, take 1 tablet 1 to 2 times daily with water and a meal. calcium saccharin, citric acid, D&C Red No. Antacids may interact with certain prescription drugs. Above 500 C, dislocation climb becomes efficient as well as extensive cross-slip of screw dislocations between {1102} and (0001). These findings show that calcium salts can have a modest put potentially clinically significant effect on levothyroxine treatment, probably by binding it and reducing its absorption; patients should be advised to separate their medications. 10 x 5 mL Unit-Dose Cups, Ask a doctor or pharmacist before use if you are, Active ingredient (in each 5 mL teaspoonful), PRINCIPAL DISPLAY PANEL - 473 mL Bottle Label, PRINCIPAL DISPLAY PANEL - 5 mL Cup Tray Label. Antacid (Doses expressed in mg of calcium carbonate; chronic use NOT recommended in GERD): 25 yr and 10.9 kg: 375400 mg PO as symptoms occur;max. Body fluids are supersaturated relatively to calcium carbonates and the latter should thus not dissolve spontaneously, but enzymatic processes can degrade them; also in the presence of phosphate ions apatite remains the most stable phase which explains CaCO3 transformation into (carbonated) apatite. However, in the presence of phosphate ions, the apatite remains the most stable phase and all the three calcium carbonate varieties should transform, at least superficially, into apatite. 40, flavoring, glycerin, methylparaben, propylene glycol, propylparaben, purified water, sorbitol and xanthan gum. Freezing the protein converts the tough material into a brittle material like a conventional ceramic. The remaining Ca2+ is absorbed into the systemic circulation. The use of highly carbonated systems can thus be an appealing way to obtain highly resorbable scaffolds. In this temperature range, superdislocations can dissociate into two superpartials 130110 enclosing a complex stacking fault involving structural disorder of the CO3 groups. Figure 6. The other active metabolites (calcitriol and alphacalcidol) are not preferred in treating vitamin Ddeficiency rickets and osteomalacia but have been used. Despite a good mechanical strength, this is not sufficient to allow their use in bones subjected to high mechanical stresses (load-bearing bones). Calcite CaCO3 has a trigonal symmetry although it is usually described in hexagonal axes. (Equivalent to 500 mg elemental Calcium). Second, moderate to severe rickets and osteomalacia related to vitamin D and calcium deficiency, but not the hypophosphatemic variety, are frequently associated with hypocalcemia and thus require much higher doses of vitamin D and calcium supplements initially.Third, it must be kept in mind that patient symptom relief is much faster (a few weeks to a few months) than the biochemical, radiologic, or histologic improvements, which may take a few months to years. Coralline HA, a carbonated HA, which is prepared by the hydrothermal conversion of calcium carbonate from coral in the presence of ammonium phosphate is one of the most important example of association of Ca-P with CaCO3.331333 It has been suggested that controlling the thickness of HA layer on a CaCO3 matrix could control the rate of resorption of the implant and its replacement by newly formed bone. Adequate calcium and vitamin D is also important for teens, young adults and post-menopausal women. Although several attempts have been made to produce synthetic calcium carbonate bioceramics, sintering proves to be difficult, and the idea of associating calcium carbonate with Ca-P through the cement route (by mixing calcium carbonate and calcium phosphate phases with an aqueous medium) offers an interesting alternate way to prepare low-temperature Ca-PCaCO3 bioceramics. (equivalent to 500 mg of elemental Calcium). The use of calcium carbonate for shells, rather than silica, may reflect the greater control of structure available through calcium-binding proteins and through control of crystal morphology with nucleators and growth inhibitors. endstream endobj 14 0 obj<> endobj 16 0 obj<> endobj 17 0 obj<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text]/ExtGState<>>> endobj 18 0 obj<> endobj 19 0 obj<> endobj 20 0 obj<> endobj 21 0 obj<> endobj 22 0 obj<> endobj 23 0 obj<>stream M.M.H. Mean serum concentrations of free thyroxine and total thyroxine were significantly reduced during the calcium treatment period and rose after withdrawal. Each 1 g of salt contains 20 mEq or 10 mmol (400 mg) elemental Ca. Minor deformation twinning on the {1104} and {1102} planes have also been reported. Several vitamin D formulations (oral, sublingual, and injectable) are available, and most have comparable therapeutic efficacy, although no formal studies have been conducted. ): Neonate: 50150 mg/kg/24 hr Q46 hr PO;max. Adequate calcium and vitamin D throughout life, as part of a well-balanced diet, may reduce the risk of osteoporosis. Basal (0001) slip involves screw superdislocations with Burgers vectors 131120 (length 4.89). I4iIL6N@|MD~k}n 1i#fb One of the most studied shell structures is nacre, or mother-of-pearl, which is a layered structure of aragonite plates, 0.5m thick by several microns wide. Shlomo Melmed MB ChB, MACP, in Williams Textbook of Endocrinology, 2020. trailer The characteristic fracture of these tough natural ceramics is graceful failure, shown by an extended sequence of crack formation and arrest that gives the saw-tooth stress-strain curve of Fig. This has been partly driven by a desire to understand why these structures are much tougher than the natural mineral. Calcium Carbonate 1250 mg 0000000924 00000 n Calcium Carbonate by is a Otc medication manufactured, distributed, or labeled by Pharmaceutical Associates, Inc.. Drug facts, warnings, and ingredients follow. 33, FD&C Red No. Please review the product labeling and consult with your doctor with any health or medical questions. Vitamin D helps improve calcium absorption. Caltrate (Pfizer Consumer Healthcare), Maalox Quick Dissolve (Novartis Consumer Healthcare), Maalox Regular Strength (Novartis Consumer Healthcare), Os-Cal (Glaxo SmithKline), Alka-Seltzer (Bayer), Alcalak (Medique Products), Oyster Shell Calcium (Swanson Health Products), Oysco (Rugby), Cal-Gest (Rugby), Icar Prenatal Chewable Calcium (Hawthorn Pharmaceuticals), Oyster Shell Calcium (Swanson Health Products), Children's Pepto (Procter & Gamble), Rolaids Soft Chew (Johnson & Johnson), Adcal 1500 Chewable (Biokirch), Ostocal (Hikma Pharm.) >11 yr and adult: 5003000 mg PO as symptoms occur;max. 0000004640 00000 n Made from carefully selected ingredients under strict manufacturing processes. 0000001629 00000 n Dislocations with 130221 Burgers vectors (length 7.7) can dissociate into two 160221 superpartial dislocations (3.85) associated with a fault on both the anion and the cation sublattices (Fig. Do not use if imprinted seal under cap is broken or missing. Because some Ca2+ is absorbed, Ca2+-containing antacids may be marketed as a source of dietary Ca2+. Fracture of a nacreous shell in bending at room temperature and at liquid nitrogen temperature. Dolomite CaMg(CO3)2 is an ordered rhombohedral carbonate, with alternating layers of Mg and Ca ions lying parallel to the basal plane, interleaved with layers of CO3 groups in which the groups are oriented differently in adjacent planes. This slip system is the dominant deformation mode at low to moderate temperatures (i.e., below 400 C). demonstrated the feasibility of mixed calcium carbonate-calcium phosphate biomedical cements including various content of CaCO3 (from 20 to 100%).295,334 Calcium carbonate compounds have a higher solubility compared to that of apatite and the use of very large proportions (20% w/w) of calcium carbonate, especially of metastable amorphous or crystalline phase (amorphous CC or vaterite), in the dry powder ingredients opens new possibilities which have not yet been exploited to control the cement resorbability. This effect is rare in healthy patients with normal renal function. dose: 7500 mg/24 hr. 0000005795 00000 n Later, some other studies also reported the positive effect of the introduction of carbonate on, in vitro, resorption of calcium phosphate cements.335, J.K. Aronson MA, DPhil, MBChB, FRCP, HonFBPhS, HonFFPM, in Meyler's Side Effects of Drugs, 2016. 0000006407 00000 n Suspension Mechanical twinning is an important deformation mechanism in calcite. 0000002722 00000 n 13 0 obj<> endobj Several points deserve emphasis in the management of rickets and osteomalacia. Helps support strong bones. 0000002798 00000 n startxref Therefore, the use of calcitriol along with vitamin D is suggested in patients with more severe 2HPT (PTH levels >500 pg/mL), in some patients with significant malabsorption of calcium due to celiac sprue or gastric bypass surgery, in patients with documented bone marrow fibrosis,4 or in those with compromised kidney function. 5 mL unit dose cup. Nature Made Calcium (Carbonate) w/D Softgels 600 mg, Nature Made Calcium (Carbonate) w/D Softgels 600 mg, 100CT. Since dolomite has an ordered structure, Barber and Wenk (2001) suggest that perfect dislocations should be called superdislocations. The ability of jogs on superdislocations 131120 to cross-slip into an {1104} is probably related to the yield stress anomaly observed for basal slip. Nature Made Calcium (Carbonate) w/D Tablets 500 mg, 130CT. Perhaps calcidiol (25-hydroxyvitamin D3), if available, is preferred because it has a shorter half-life (2 weeks), which is an advantage should hypercalcemia develop during therapy, it can be measured directly to monitor treatment, and the dose can be adjusted based on serum levels. 0000003434 00000 n Silica does occur as a component of many mollusk teeth, as do various iron oxides. Considering the mineral ion content, blood plasma seems to be supersaturated with respect to these three calcium carbonate varieties, although for vaterite, the oversaturation is much smaller than for calcite or aragonite; thus these phases cannot dissolve spontaneously in vivo. 0000000656 00000 n CAUTION: If you are taking any medications, consult your physician before use. Despite the contradictory claims,202,203 there is not much difference between vitamin D2 and vitamin D3 in replenishing depleted vitamin D stores,203 and both vitamin D preparations are equally effective in treating rickets and osteomalacia. The vaterite form of calcium carbonate often occurs in laboratory crystallization and is occasionally found in shells. Calcite and dolomite represent a significant part of the sedimentary rocks. One tablet taken twice daily meets recommended daily calcium requirements for adults ages 18 to 50. E4a2DDgl6y}y2wCSU@x,Bsae0+P.).+]4htog]m\o. Moreover, their structure is determined by the considered species and their chemical composition is not well controlled, particularly, with respect to trace elements, and residual organic matrix and implant rejection have been observed possibly due to the presence of organic matter residue. Carbonated apatites can also be prepared by hydrothermal conversion of coral in the presence of phosphate (Damien and Revell, 2004). Copyright 2022 Elsevier B.V. or its licensors or contributors. 0000000016 00000 n Recommended international nonproprietary name: Metallic, Ceramic, and Polymeric Biomaterials, Meyler's Side Effects of Drugs (Sixteenth Edition), Biological Materials: Synthesis, Structure, and Properties, Encyclopedia of Materials: Science and Technology, Drugs Acting on the Gastrointestinal Tract, Pharmacology and Therapeutics for Dentistry (Seventh Edition), Arnaud et al., 1999; Atlan et al., 1999; Begley et al., 1995; Braye et al., 1996; Macha et al., 2015. 0000002238 00000 n Calcium carbonate is widespread as a protective shell in marine animals including single-celled coccoliths, coral, gastropods and bivalves (Lowenstam and Weiner 1989). 6). Calcium Carbonate Oral Suspension is a pink-colored, bubble gum flavored suspension supplied in the following oral dosage forms. This unit-dose package is not child-resistant. Store at 20 - 25C (68 - 77F) However, calcitriol should not be either the first-line or sole therapy for vitamin Ddeficiency rickets and osteomalacia. Several dose regimens have been suggested, each with some merit,201 but there is no perfect method. In some cases, including lobster cuticle and a sponge, stable amorphous calcium carbonate is found (Beniash et al. 1999). In general, there is no fixed-dose or one-size-fits-all regimen to treat all varieties of rickets and osteomalacia. The active vitamin D metabolites are a bit more expensive and do not provide any major advantage except for more rapid and effective suppression of PTH. Dislocations involved in {1104} slip are able to cross-slip easily. Between each layer of plates is a thin protein sheet that is responsible for the nucleation of the aragonite layers and acts as a crack stopper. For instance, it might be expected that a swimming bivalve, such as a scallop, would have a stiffer, lighter shell structure. In some patients with long-standing vitamin Ddeficiency rickets and osteomalacia, 2HPT may persist196 with continued bone loss for years and may even progress to hypercalcemic 2HPT (or tertiary hyperparathyroidism) requiring parathyroidectomy.146,197,198 This is analogous to the development of tertiary hyperparathyroidism after long-term oral phosphate therapy in patients with hypophosphatemic (genetic or acquired) osteomalacia,192 and in patients on chronic maintenance dialysis199 or after kidney transplantation.200 Accordingly, the goals of therapy are not only to simply relieve symptoms but also to restore bone strength by mineralizing the excess osteoid and prevent bone loss by correcting 2HPT. USP has tested and verified ingredients, potency and manufacturing process. C Rey, J Souli, in Comprehensive Biomaterials II, 2017, Calcium carbonates (CaCO3, CC), particularly those produced by marine organisms such as coral and mother of pearl, have been shown to be biocompatible and bioactive biomaterials, and they have been used for more than 25 years as bone substitutes in the form of powders, porous ceramics, or gels.324330 Three crystalline phases of anhydrous calcium carbonates are encountered in nature: calcite, aragonite, and vaterite and natural calcium carbonates from certain corals and nacre present the aragonite structure. dose: 3000 mg/24 hr. Guaranteed to meet our high quality standards. Visit the USP verified website for more information. dose: 1 g/24 hr.

Repeat biochemical testing 8 months later showed a normal serum TSH (3.3mU/l). Associates, Inc. This insight could allow us to make synthetic ceramics much more useful. <]>> From: Encyclopedia of Food Microbiology (Second Edition), 2014, Keith Kleinman MD, in Harriet Lane Handbook, 2021, Tums, Childrens Pepto, and many others including generics; 40% elemental Ca, Tab, chewable [OTC]: 400, 500, 600, 750, 1000, 1250 mg; may contain aspartame, Oral suspension [OTC]: 1250 mg/5 mL; may contain parabens. Calcium carbonate produces a potent and prolonged neutralization of HCl forming CO2 and CaCl2. During follow-up, adjustments to the vitamin D dose should be made based on serum and urine levels of calcium, alkaline phosphatase, PTH, and achieved serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels, with target levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D greater than 30 ng/mL and PTH in the reference range. Dolomite deformed by slip on {1102} at 480 C. Mean concentrations of T3 did not change, but serum TSH rose during the calcium period, and 20% of the subjects had a serum TSH concentration above the reference range. %%EOF Take 1 to 2 teaspoonfuls (5 to 10 mL) as symptoms occur, or as directed by a doctor. Pharmaceutical This gives wet nacre a high fracture energy, though this toughness is lost on drying or freezing, Fig. Greenville, SC 29605, Pharmaceutical %PDF-1.4 % Some products may be combined with vitamin D; check package labeling. Adults, take 1 tablet 1 to 2 times daily with water and a meal. 0000004046 00000 n

Calcium helps support strong bones and teeth. The field shows pairs of edge-type superpartials (e.g., at S, S), undissociated superdislocations (e.g., at U, U), and longer screw-type segments. A 61-year-old woman with hypothyroidism had celiac disease and a history of bowel resection for pancreatic cancer, was euthyroid taking thyroxine 175188 micrograms/day [125]. The three-dimensional (3D) organization with interconnected porosity of coral is similar to that of trabecular bone, and may allow good osteointegration with cell colonization ability. Calcium carbonate neutralizes and absorbs toxic metabolites during the incubation. These statements have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration. We require that all vitamins & supplements are third-party tested to help ensure they contain the listed dietary ingredients. dose: 1500 mg/24 hr, >611 yr: 750800 mg PO as symptoms occur;max. Prior to use, these natural compounds are subjected to physical/chemical treatments for purification and control of physicochemical features. Because of the possibility that calcium carbonate might impair levothyroxine absorption, another group carried out a prospective study in 20 patients taking stable long-term levothyroxine for hypothyroidism, who were given elemental calcium as calcium carbonate 1200mg/day, taken with their levothyroxine for 3 months [126]. 0000001199 00000 n Associates, Inc.

No color added, no artificial flavors, gluten free. David H. Shaw, in Pharmacology and Therapeutics for Dentistry (Seventh Edition), 2017. Maximum Strength, 1250 mg/5 mL 0000001104 00000 n xref The authors also reported the results of an in vitro study of thyroxine binding to calcium, which showed that there is adsorption of thyroxine to calcium at acidic pH. Calcium carbonate has a chalky taste and may produce constipation, which reduces its desirability as an antacid. Vitamin D helps improves calcium absorption. The main degradation process of calcium carbonate has been assigned to a carbonic anhydrase enzyme, which induces a local dissolution and leave place for newly synthesized bone tissue.327. Dark field TEM micrograph, g: 0006 (courtesy of D. J. Barber). The idea that the interconnected pores structure of coral can replace defective parts of bone331 comes from the similarity in the structure of some coral skeletons with cancellous bone allowing colonization by cells and blood vessels penetration. #uHK{pyLXv~;r The most common deformation twinning law is on {0118}, for which the shear displacement is in the positive sense, in the direction 0221 (Barber and Wenk 1979). Conch shell shows a similar fracture curve but this arises from crack deflection within the complex lamella architecture rather than from protein layers (Kamat et al. At low temperature 130221 dislocations glide not only on {1104}, but also on {1102} (although the latter slip system has a higher critical resolved shear stress (CRSS); De Bresser and Spiers 1997). USP sets official standards for dietary supplements. Delaying calcium carbonate ingestion by 4 hours returned her serum TSH concentration to high normal (5.7mU/l) within a month. 15 0 obj<>stream You may also report serious side effects to this phone number. First, most recommendations are largely based on personal preferences, clinical experience, and availability of suitable vitamin D preparations. Since therapeutic approaches to treat and manage various types of rickets and osteomalacia (nutritional, genetic, and acquired) differ, the treatments that substantially differ will be discussed in the relevant sections in this chapter. In symptomatic patients with moderate to severe rickets and osteomalacia, we recommend 50,000 IU of either ergocalciferol (vitamin D2) or cholecalciferol (vitamin D3) weekly for 8 to 12 weeks followed by a maintenance dose of 1000 to 2000 units daily. The mantle adds new shell at the existing edge by extruding over the lip to extend the outer and inner faces. A 49-year-old woman, taking levothyroxine 150 micrograms/day and calcium carbonate (three tablets daily) for prevention of osteoporosis, developed symptoms of hypothyroidism and had a raised serum TSH concentration (22mU/l). 13 18 In sea urchin spines there is much protein embedded as microspheres within the mineral crystals but it is not known whether this really contributes to toughness. Whichever method is chosen, it must achieve the therapeutic goals, and which method to choose depends heavily on the urgency with which vitamin D repletion is needed, local standard of practice, availability of appropriate vitamin D preparations, cost, and potential for lapses in patient adherence. 473 mL in 1 BOTTLE; Type 0: Not a Combination Product, 5 mL in 1 CUP, UNIT-DOSE; Type 0: Not a Combination Product, upset stomach associated with these symptoms. Most shells are constructed of calcite and aragonite in various arrangements with small amounts of protein, up to about 5% by weight. These work in concert with the supply of calcium and carbonate from the mantle tissue. Combes et al. Once achieved, a maintenance dose of 1000 to 2000 IU/day is recommended. ScienceDirect is a registered trademark of Elsevier B.V. ScienceDirect is a registered trademark of Elsevier B.V. Encyclopedia of Food Microbiology (Second Edition), Profiles of Drug Substances, Excipients and Related Methodology. Calcium carbonate can reduce levothyroxine absorption [124]. To learn more, please visit cvs.com/tested-trusted.

Higher protein levels would be expected to increase the toughness of the shell but at the expense of reduced stiffness. 2000). While the details of shell formation are not understood, it is clear the organic content contains proteins capable of selectively nucleating calcite or aragonite in a specific orientation and proteins which inhibit growth of specific crystal faces. *Customer reviews and ratings solely reflect the views and opinions of the individual contributors and are not created or endorsed by CVS Pharmacy. However, when she simultaneously took calcium carbonate (1250mg/day) she had a raised serum thyrotropin (TSH) concentration of 41mU/l. Al Omari, A.A. Badwan, in Profiles of Drug Substances, Excipients and Related Methodology, 2016. This product is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent any disease. Rhombohedral 130221{1102} is another important deformation mechanism, together with basal slip. Faults in {1102} are faintly visible due to interband scattering. There is increasing evidence for precipitation of amorphous, hydrated calcium carbonate as a metastable precursor for the crystal (Raz et al. Figure 1. Recommended international nonproprietary name: Calcium carbonate [3]. Contains up to a 130-day supply of Nature Made Calcium 500 mg with Vitamin D Tablets, 130 tablets per bottle. Hypocalcemia (Doses expressed in mg of elemental calcium. P. Cordier, in Encyclopedia of Materials: Science and Technology, 2004. There has been much work on the formation, structure, and properties of mollusk shell (see Shell: Properties). Greenville, SC 29605, Calcium Carbonate Oral In addition, certain vitamin D metabolites (calcidiol, calcitriol, and alphacalcidol) are available in other countries, but only calcitriol is available in the United States. 1. Calcium carbonates arising from natural origins (e.g., from marine organisms such as coral and seashells) are regularly used as bone substitute materials (Arnaud et al., 1999; Atlan et al., 1999; Begley et al., 1995; Braye et al., 1996; Macha et al., 2015) and can be found as commercial products. Although the therapeutic efficacy of all formulations is comparable, the frequency with which they are administered differs. 0000006961 00000 n Synonyms: E 170, calcite, aragonite, vaterite, chalk, CI pigment white 18 [4], drop chalk, prepared chalk, whiting, English white, Paris white [5]. Case contains 40 unit dose cups of 5 mL packaged in 4 trays of 10 unit dose cups each. It also occurs as a reinforcement in the cuticle of crustaceans such as crabs. Extensive use of Ca2+-containing antacids may cause or exacerbate hypercalcemia, which is characterized by neurologic symptoms and reduced renal function. HtKo09`%0,mJC*1+ ;H@~C9#80POO &AmPJP[g,]f|M Lj'?7"I~M!D,Z|x1$(p 130221{1104} is the preferred slip system in calcite in a wide temperature range (Wenk et al.

By continuing you agree to the use of cookies. Approximately 90% of the ingested Ca2+ forms insoluble salts in the gut and is excreted in the feces. [6], Calcichew (Takeda), Calcichew 500mg purutabletti (Takeda), Calcichew Spearmint 500mg purutabletti (Takeda), Calcimagon 500mg (Takeda), Calcioral (Takeda), Mastical (Takeda), Calcitugg (Takeda) [3], Boots Indigestion Relief (The Boots Company Plc), Cacit (Warner Chilcott UK Ltd), Remegel (SSL International Plc), Setlers Antacid (Thornton & Ross Ltd), Tums Assorted Fruit Antacid (GlaxoSmithKline Consumer Healthcare) [7], Calcidia (Bayer Healthcare) [5], Adcal 500 (JPM), Oystercal (United Pharma) [8]. 0000002483 00000 n It can be assumed that the particular shell structures are adapted to the particular lifestyle of the animal and the stresses encountered.

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