natural gas meter flow rate

Gas meters measure a defined volume, regardless of the pressurized quantity or quality of the gas flowing through the meter. He has more than 30 years of experience in hydrocarbon flow measurement and has worked for Emerson for 20 years where he has managed flow metering products and systems worldwide. Residential, commercial and industrial gas meters have their own standard thread sizes. It is mandatory to procure user consent prior to running these cookies on your website. There are actuation, sensing, electronic, and computational elements that must be present for the meter to function. !HE`PL:hr S 1*!UN-4`<20IN3=o39p: D8;?$= '5/92-/+ {j1%I*D&W2*CVt.OB(C+bdtZRx/pi`N WPpV51S&*,y^szE$D#oagNEQ%lj.d#<1=Lfe\Q^fW]ZGq/" h9&GG|zO?B8tka*BKUf1=u1]jhT&'t:TI~nYowkO`7 X6rEsRKW:hYI@a.Lu"| ;}]>nW*AA In addition, a Coriolis meter can detect the onset of two-phase flow. The enormous value of gas involved makes accuracy essential. At current gas prices, an error of 1% in measuring 300 million ft3 of gas per day can lead to a difference of about $2 million per year (see Figure 2). This contrasts with the position on electric meters, where the test is free and a refund is only given if the date that the meter started to read inaccurately can be determined. In addition, they are subject to fouling, which can partially obstruct the orifice plate and cause the meter to read high. Click here to start this process. And because shale gas wells are switched in and out, that composition can change in a matter of hours.

The use of DP meters for custody transfer is governed by API 14.3/AGA3 in North America and ISO 5167 globally. While a Coriolis meter will provide information on gas density, the GC is still needed to obtain a number for Btus per pound; a GC is expensive and tends to be reserved for places where there is enough volume to justify its cost. According to the federal Energy Information Administration (EIA), dry natural gas shipments increased from 1 trillion ft3 in 2000 to 5 trillion ft3 in 2010, and production increased by a factor of 12 in one decades time. The flow computer receives volumetric flow measurement data from DP or ultrasonic gas meters, along with temperature and pressure, and calculates the flow rate. Ringstrasse 28, CH-4600 Olten, Switzerland, Limits of relative error under normal conditions in the range of flow rates from Qmin to Qt, %, not more, Limits of relative error under normal conditions in the range of flow rates from Qt to Qmax , %, not more.

This Standard covers the basic design principles and functions required of gas meter installations, This standard covers location, housings and compounds for flow rate exceeding 6 m3h-1 and inlet pressure up to and not exceeding 38 bar, This standard covers the fabrication, installation, testing and commissioning for flow rate exceeding 6 m3h-1 and inlet pressure up to and not exceeding 38 bar, This standard covers the operation and maintenance for flow rate exceeding 6 m3h-1 and inlet pressure up to and not exceeding 38 bar, This standard covers notices and labels for flow rate exceeding 6 m3h-1 and inlet pressure up to and not exceeding 38 bar, IGEM/GM/PRS/1 - Meter installation fittings, IGEM/GM/PRS/3 - Meter regulators for gas flow rates not exceeding 6 m3 h-1 and inlet pressures not exceeding 75 mbar, IGEM/GM/PRS/28 - Medium pressure single-stage regulators for gas flow rates not exceeding 6 m3 h-1, IGEM/GM/PRS/29 - Medium pressure two-stage meter regulators for gas flow rates, IGEM/GM/PRS/33 - Meter regulators of nominal diameter 32 mm and not exceeding 150 mm and for inlet pressures not exceeding 75 mb, Medium pressure meter installation kits for flow rates not exceeding 6 m3 h-1, This specification covers pre-assembled 6m3 h-1 low pressure meter installation kits. DP meters are the choice here because they are simple and inexpensive. The use of ultrasonic meters for custody transfer is governed by AGA-9 and ISO/DIS 17089-1 (see Figure 6).

Coriolis meters are used with liquids and gases. Turbine gas meters infer gas volume by determining the speed of the gas moving through the meter. Any refund is limited to the previous six years. They work well where product density is not stable, such as, for example, critical-phase ethylene. Some of these paths point upstream so that the sum of the times of flight of the sonic pulses can be divided by the sum of the flight lengths to provide an average speed of sound in the upstream direction. This works well as long as the system isnt pushed so hard that liquids or dirt are carried through into the flowmeter, which can reduce the orifice size and make the meter read high. The volume of gas flow provided by a gas meter is just that, a reading of volume. Statutory provisions should also specify a procedure to be followed should the accuracy be disputed.

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The thread sizes are slightly, about .mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}116 inch (1.6mm), larger than the nearest size NPT size, in order to accommodate the appropriate inner diameter within the swivel. They are, for example, a good fit for the inputs and outputs of cryogenic gas processing plants and for feeds to large industrial users such as power plants.

The initial installation and initialization of HORN Gas Meters are performed using standard IR-DA port with a connection to the nearest concentrator in a network (within a radius of 500 meters). Advantages include standard volume flow accuracy of 0.35% to 0.5%, with 0.25% available, as well as negligible pressure drop and high turndown capability. This speed differs from the speed of sound in the gas by the velocity at which the gas is moving in the pipe. Gas meters are used at residential, commercial, and industrial buildings that consume fuel gas supplied by a gas utility. Both technologies involve transducers that are simply clamped on to the pipe and programmed with the pipe size and schedule and can be used to calculate flow. To resume gas supply, the person using the equipment must press a special button or complete the procedure in any other prescribed manner. Energoflow GFE-202 and GFE-201 are state-of-art ultrasonic gas flow meters designed for accurate and reliable measurement of flow velocity, volumetric flow rate and volume of gaseous substances (gases) transported through pipelines in the forward or reverse direction. But opting out of some of these cookies may affect your browsing experience. To find out more about the cookies this site uses and how to delete them, please see the, Platinum Jubilee Statement from the IGEM President and CEO, Applies to inlet pressures exceeding 38 bar and not exceeding 100 bar. 9x'e;IyYT^/8:y,={aOT+ijM8~?

An important feature of many ultrasonic meters is their built-in diagnostics, which enable them to detect the presence of liquids (two-phase flow), dirt buildup, blockage, and other problems. The most elaborate types of ultrasonic flow meters average speed of sound over multiple paths in the pipe. First, it may contain less than 50% methane, compared to 85% for conventional gas. See other articles from the supplement below. The sudden appearance of liquids can indicate a problem with the separation equipment upstream of gas processing, while any ethanes or propanes that condense out of the natural gas flow downstream of gas processing are products that should have been separated for sale as liquids and indicate process issues with the gas processing plant. These procedures give guidance on the design and usage of high accuracy meter installations of piped Natural Gas in a specific pressure range, such as compressor stations, This standard contains guidance on the appropriate installation and usage of systems designed to convert gas volume readings to base conditions, This standard extensively details the requirements for the installation and usage of gas meters used in a non-domestic setting, This Standard provides requirements for the selection, installation, inspection and maintenance of electrical equipment connected to gas meter installations, This standard covers the classification of dangerous areas, those in which explosive gas mixtures may be present, for gas metering equipment, Flow rate exceeding 6m3 h-1 and inlet pressure up to and not exceeding 38 bar. pipe. The AGA 7 calculation itself is a simple ratio and is, in essence, a density correction approach to translating the volume or rate of gas at flowing conditions to a volume or rate at base conditions. The exact sequence of steps in shale gas recovery and separation varies somewhat from place to place, but the following description gives the general idea.

Orifice meters often do not handle a large range of flow rates. The frequency of this vibration is determined by the overall density of the pipe (including its contents). %PDF-1.4 Because a Coriolis meter measures mass flow directly, much of the calculation can be done by a flow computer built into that instrument. x#>_h^A|s@6LO=j)y`zX.:=K>/xw? They have low turndown unless the orifice plate is changed. (1880) P. 224, Learn how and when to remove this template message, Flow conditioning#Effects on flow measurement devices, http://www.gasproductssales.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/swivel-nuts.pdf, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gas_meter&oldid=1093440848, Articles needing additional references from September 2014, All articles needing additional references, Articles with limited geographic scope from February 2021, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 16 June 2022, at 16:50. While gas custody-transfer flow measurement can take place anywhere along the process value chain from the wellhead to delivery or sale location, for the lowest uncertainty in measurement, it generally takes place at stable, predictable single-phase locations or physically discrete hand-over points (e.g., platform/production exit location, pipeline entry/exit, terminal entry, etc.). During the last few years, there has been a tremendous increase in U.S. production of natural gas, much of it derived from fracking plays. Limitations of ultrasonic meters include the need for sufficient straight-run upstream or a flow conditioner. From the knockout pot, the gas flows to a dehydrator to remove water vapor and perhaps to a micro-membrane separator to remove excess CO2. As the gas moves toward delivery to users smaller than power plants or cryogenic gas plants, line sizes tend to decrease, at which point Coriolis meters begin to reappear. The other is allocation, defined as "the transfer of goods between two points generally not governed by a buy/sell contract," while custody transfer is done under a contractual obligation between buyer and seller that may require adherence to accuracy, repeatability, linearity, or uncertainty standards defined by measurement standards such as American Gas Association (AGA), American Petroleum Institute (API), International Organization for Standardization (ISO), GOST (Russian equivalent to API), and so on. An ultrasonic meter is very effective at detecting two-phase flow; the presence of liquids generally indicates a problem elsewhere in the system (or that the ultrasonic meter has been installed at the wrong location). Reference Turbine Gas Meters EFS-T are intended for installation on reference calibration rigs for calibration and verification of gas meters of any type with air as operating environment. indicating emergencies, dispatcher actions. While not the most accurate instruments available, they are acceptable for the purposes for which they are used, and the calculations for correcting to standard conditions are widely known. IGEM/GM/4 Edition 3 - Flowmetering practices.

The concentrators are powered by 220V, solar panels or battery backup. Several different designs of gas meters are in common use, depending on the volumetric flow rate of gas to be measured, the range of flows anticipated, the type of gas being measured, and other factors.

A gas meter is a specialized flow meter, used to measure the volume of fuel gases such as natural gas and liquefied petroleum gas. This website uses cookies to improve your experience while you navigate through the website. ^O3$~U=1`RaF ]K4{y#W Htl:KgzaCjI.N"#:"-,P#L/d40(.b&KvDv]:mb2>)8Z3rF,\y@cPlv.RCcog1m\9^sx49(wun1#. The quality of the gas is measured and adjusted for in each billing cycle. [6] These sizes are typically 10Lt, 20Lt, 30Lt, 45Lt, or 60Lt, though smaller and larger sizes are available. A small internal turbine measures the speed of the gas, which is transmitted mechanically to a mechanical or electronic counter. The Edinburgh New Philosophical Journal: Exhibiting a View of the , Volume 10.

They are accepted broadly and are not limited in line size. DP meters measure volumetric flow through a calibrated orifice (generally a flow plate), are inexpensive, and simple in concept. EIA predicts that by 2035, shale gas will account for nearly half of all U.S. gas production (see Figure 1). Four-channel ultrasonic gas flow meter Energoflow GF- 404 is specially designed for applications where very high accuracy is required, e.g. (and, in fact, are often one or two pipe sizes smaller than the lines in which they are installed, which contributes to pressure drop). Such meters can be used to measure almost any dry gas including natural gas, nitrogen, compressed air, and steam. otherwise Register here, IGEM House26 & 28 High StreetKegworthDerbyDE74 2DAUnited Kingdom, t: +44 (0)1509 678 150e: general@igem.org.ukCharity No: 214011Vat No: 674772885, This site uses cookies to store information on your computer, to improve your experience. As long as accuracy is reasonable, and repeatability is acceptable, a DP meter is the logical choice. The operating principle is similar to that of a Roots blower. When choosing a flowmeter supplier, it is wise to consider a supplier that can provide as many pieces of the puzzle as possibleincluding multiple meter typesto gain unbiased advice on the most appropriate equipment for each step in the supply chain from the wellhead to the ultimate customers. The rotational movement of the crank shaft serves as a primary flow element and may produce electrical pulses for a flow computer or may drive an odometer-like counter.

Reference Rotary Gas Meters EFS-R are intended for installation on reference calibration rigs for calibration and verification of gas meters of any type with air as operating environment. They also generate a medium-to-large pressure loss, and they are not as accurate as other technologies, such as gas turbine, ultrasonic, or Coriolis meters. It is often done through an electronic pulse output mounted on the meter. Clamp-on meters are available for measuring liquid flow as well. Ultrasonic flow meters are more complex than meters that are purely mechanical, as they require significant signal processing and computation capabilities. In the UK, the permitted error for a gas meter manufactured prior to the European Measuring Instruments Directive[2] is 2%. An orifice gas meter consists of a straight length of pipe inside which a precisely known orifice plate creates a pressure drop, thereby affecting flow.

They do not need pressure and temperature compensation for fluid properties. The meter creates a 'ping' with the transducer and measures the time elapsed before the sensor receives the sonic pulse. American Gas Association Transmission Measurement Committee (2007). Information garbling and hacking are impossible. For this reason, accurate and repeatable measurement of natural gas flow requires simultaneous measurement of several other variables, including pressure, temperature, density, and gas composition. _%{L~?H [w8/pzyAx4~|PN 86 TE[ZrQ=C&2"Gi$ for custody transfer measurement of natural gas. The turndown ratio of an ultrasonic meter is probably the largest of any natural gas meter type, and the accuracy and range ability of a high-quality ultrasonic meter is actually greater than that of the turbine meters against which they are proven. The use of Coriolis meters for custody transfer is governed by AGA-11. With each turn, they move a specific quantity of gas through the meter. These cookies do not store any personal information. 3 deals with a broad range of issues relating to orifice metering of natural gas, and it specifies an algorithm for calculating natural gas flow rates based on the differential pressure, static pressure, and temperature of a gas with a known composition. American Gas Association[1] covers the proper usage and installation of these meters, and it specifies a standardised speed-of-sound calculation which predicts the speed of sound in a gas with a known pressure, temperature, and composition. A coriolis meter is usually one or more pipes with longitudinally or axially displaced section(s) that are excited to vibrate at resonant frequency. The ultrasonic meter constantly measures the speed of sound in the flowing gas. With the gas flow directed by internal valves, the chambers alternately fill and expel gas, producing a nearly continuous flow through the meter. [4] If the meter is found to be reading outside of the prescribed limits, the supplier has to refund the consumer for gas incorrectly measured while that consumer had that meter (but not vice versa). The most common are indicators that use multiple clock hands (pointer style) or digital readouts similar to an odometer, but remote readouts of various types are also becoming popular see Automatic meter reading and Smart meter. The gas static pressure, density, viscosity, and temperature must be measured or known in addition to the differential pressure for the meter to accurately measure the fluid. to design, engineering and manufacture of flow-metering solutions and related products based on the modern ultrasonic technology. Since they measure flowing density, coriolis meters can also infer gas flow rate at flowing conditions. These cookies will be stored in your browser only with your consent. Such devices are based on two types of technology: (1) time of flight or transit time; and (2) cross correlation. Energoflow GFA-202 Flow meters can be used as part of metering units of gas distribution points, industrial enterprises and communal service installation. If the meter is found to be reading within limits, the consumer has to pay the costs of testing (and pay any outstanding charges). DP meters measure only differential head.

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Fiscal measurement versus custody transfer. stream Meters whose accuracy is disputed by the customer have to be removed for testing by an approved meter examiner. This shaft can drive an odometer-like counter mechanism or it can produce electrical pulses for a flow computer. Others are corrected for temperature electronically. To measure either mass or volumetric flow, they must be corrected for density (mass) or temperature, pressure, and gas composition to obtain a standard reading. These are the most common type of gas meter, seen in almost all residential and small commercial installations. Managing challenges Each stage in the natural gas supply chain presents its own challenges and opportunities for gas flow measurement-either fiscal or custody transfer. Necessary cookies are absolutely essential for the website to function properly. Alerting - in cases of emergencies, control. All forms of fiscal measurement can be affected by product quality, fluid properties and composition, operating parameters, maintenance practices, and technology type. Energoflow GFA-202 Any cookies that may not be particularly necessary for the website to function and is used specifically to collect user personal data via analytics, ads, other embedded contents are termed as non-necessary cookies. You also have the option to opt-out of these cookies. By Dan Hackett, Emerson Process Management, By using this website, you agree to our use of cookies. ATRO Automation Technology for Robotics, TwinCAT Cogging Compensation for AL8000 linear motors, Contrinex Photoelectric Sensors with IO-Link Compatibility, Search Products And Discover New Innovations In Your Industry.

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The server receives instant notifications in case of emergency situations, deviations of the supply voltage or when trying to access files using the IR-DA port. American Gas Association Report No. Remote reading is becoming popular for gas meters.

The approximate number of meters per one concentrator ranges from 200 to 300 units. Unlike DP and ultrasonic meters, they do not require flow conditioning. 11 provides guidelines for obtaining good results when measuring natural gas with a coriolis meter. The meters are produced of four nominal sizes G1.6, G2.5, G4, G6 in three modifications: The shut-off valve eliminates the risk of gas contamination (for stoves not equipped with gas control system) and helps to cut off gas supply in case the gas consumer has run out of credit. These thread sizes were originally named for the amount of gas designed to flow through them in terms of gas lamps, for example a 30-Lt. meter can provide enough gas for 30 lights and was referred to in the late 19th century as a 30-light-gas-meter. Gas Meter HORN is designed to measure the volume of natural. Each path consists of an ultrasonic transducer at one end and a sensor at the other. A very commonly used compressibility calculation is American Gas Association Report No. [7], The examples and perspective in this section. 4-channel Flow Meters for Applications Requiring Enhanced Accuracy

Ultrasonic gas flow meters Energoflow GFE-211 and GFE-212 are a brilliant example of genial engineering for achieving optimal solution for gas flow measurement in large pipes and in cases where installation of inline meters is technically or commercial not viable. Do you have experience and expertise with the topics mentioned in this content? Pressure is generally not a problem; the meter is simply installed immediately downstream of a pressure regulator and is calibrated to read accurately at that pressure.

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