electrical conductivity meter for soil

2021/05/21

Everything you need to know about measuring soil moistureall in one place. All of the conductivity meters listed here have ATC (Auto Temperature Compensation), which removes errors due to changes in temperature. Take samples from all across the growing area. Everything you need to know about measuring water potentialwhat it is, why you need it, how to measure it, method comparisons. In this 20-minute webinar, discover: Learn everything you need to know about measuring soil moistureall in one place: why you need it, how to measure it, method/sensor comparisons, how many measurements, where you should measure, best practices, data troubleshooting, and more. Six short videos teach you everything you need to know about soil water content and soil water potentialand why you should measure them together. EC probes differ in their technology. 2365 NE Hopkins Ct. Pullman, WA 99163 P +1.509.332.2756 info@metergroup.com, Mettlacher Strae 8 81379 Mnchen T +49 89 1266520 info.europe@metergroup.com.

pH = -log[H+], where the brackets around the H+ symbolize "concentration" Calculating pore water EC from bulk EC is not the same as converting from one set of units to anotherits actually a model. LakeAccess.org pH Information (link down)- this site provides general information about pH, including what it is, what affects pH, and how it is measured. BE SURE TO RINSE THE PROBE THOROUGHLY BETWEEN BUFFERS USING DEIONIZED WATER AND CAREFULLY BLOT THE PROBE DRY USING A KIM WIPE. Use a ruler or auger to make a hole in the soil. Show terms of use for text on this page , Show terms of use for media on this page , Davis Mine was originally used to extract pyrites. High accuracy, multi-ranging, waterproof, pocket sized tester for a wide range of applications. %PDF-1.4 % Finally,b=0 is an offset term loosely representing the dielectric permittivity of the soil when the EC=0. (Micro Siemens was formerly referred to as micro mhos). For plant tissue EC: EC of plant sap indicates the level of simple ion uptake in plants. (Article link), Mualem, Y., and S. P. Friedman.

For soil EC: Plant growth depends on the quantity of mobile ions measured in soil / water extract (this measurement is also called ERGS or energy released per gram of soil).

0000004979 00000 n TheG3and theHYDROS 21+ DG can be used to determine pore water EC of soil drainage water (w, ECdrain) when installed below root zone. 'J. With a compact size, single button operation, and automatic calibration, Soil Test is an excellent choice for taking direct conductivity measurements in soil. As an example, assume the bulk density of our soil is 1.33 Mg/m3. Manufacturer's instructions and guidelines should be followed, if available. pH and EC measurements can vary greatly and are affected by several environmental factors including, climate, local biota (plants and animals), bedrock and surficial geology, as well as human impacts on the land. Calibration: This unit uses a one point calibration using 1413us/cm calibrant. Soil EC was commonly reported in mmho/cm. It can be used for water, soil and fertiliser testing and is even suitable for low conductivity boiler water. Bulk EC is the only EC measure that can be continuously monitored in situ. These are ions that are small and mobile (not yet complexed into larger molecules). gaV/k BZcnS846|6{;:wJ7}S[)^|=G{r? 0000000909 00000 n Its often their effect on water. The pH of a material ranges on a logarithmic scale from 1-14, where pH 1-6 are acidic, pH 7 is neutral, and pH 8-14 are basic. 0000005219 00000 n Hilhorst (2000) offers a simple and easy method for determiningb=0 for individual soil types, which will improve the accuracy of the calculation ofwin most cases. In general, pH readings between 1-6 are considered acidic, 7 is neutral, and 8-14 are basic. Multi-range Conductivity Meter allows you to measure EC of a wide variety of substances from distilled water to fertilizer solutions. NkWv@KpjM)?h%m>DQ\*N E,z0H_s l{ir6)mD_zOP98g"mtWs!-R+jV/ E]T#i C;t6\.IHj x*Fb{GRMg|^UyO^w,Y}6>qnQ5cSa*#6Uej'?S3URb&bqKG:!/$2At+_*=2V&:0~L({Fbg!A v-xvo 6ie0~j'nfT+|x:L6~)P@HU`MP_7DDLP;r3I0NB#+M-sAgkD};a#VJf}^d4 "XnODr,&ZdF5jNSH4mP\1@-=Mt=F/Yt"VYPKmCggs1r 3Rv/Y[z Since the current flowing through the water is proportional to the concentration of dissolved ions in the water, the electrical conductivity can be measured. If the EC in the root zone becomes too high, a grower can add additional irrigation water to leach salts below the root zone. pH strips indicate a sample's pH by changing color as well; these colors are indicated on the package and vary for different pH ranges and manufacturers. Greenhouse and nursery applications, leaching fraction calculations, Quantitative measure of the amount of salts in the soil (soil salinity), Measures what the plant is actually experiencing, A soil sample taken from the field and mixed with deionized water until saturated. Parameters: Theoretical prediction of electrical conductivity in saturated and unsaturated soil.Water Resources Research27, no. The electrode method employs a special series of probes, two of which send electrical current through the soil and two of which measure the voltage drop. Use leaching fraction to compute how much water needs to run through the profile to maintain a particular electrical conductivity in the root zone. In fact, the only way to measure pore water EC is by extracting a soil water sample and measuring the EC of that sample. Leaching fraction is 0.4/4 which is 10%. Also, pore water samplers can be used to determine pore water EC (w). Many meters have automatic temperature correction (ATC), which calculates the EC taking into account temperature, if your meter does not have this feature, you may need to adjust a knob on the meter to correct the EC for temperature. 0000002324 00000 n bKDQG@Fxh(o-tAh/]~sL *jI\EBR.+. 0000004782 00000 n mS/cm, or miliSeimens per centimeter), and the higher the dissolved material in a water or soil sample, the higher the EC will be in that material. When testing soil, this meter requires the soil to be made into a slurry prior to testing; Myron L recommends a 2:1 mix of water to soil for most applications.

Effects of liquid-phase electrical conductivity, water content and surface conductivity on bulk soil electrical conductivity.Soil Science Society of America Journal40 (1976): 651-655. It has automatic temperature compensation for conductivity for samples up to 25C. Made to fit comfortably in your hand, this compact EC tester for soil has an easy-to-view LCD. These three meters and probes can measure pH (left) and electrical conductivity (center and right). LakeAccess.org Electrical Conductivity Information (link down) - this site provides general information about electrical conductivity, including what it is, what affects EC, and how it is measured. Obviously, its not possible to measure the EC of water on that scale. 0000015724 00000 n Rhoades, J. D., N. A. Manteghi, P. J. Shouse, and W. J. Alves. We have worked hard since ISO14001 was introduced to decrease the emissions we create. Salt may cause a variety of problems for plants. Soil pore water sampler is used to extract pore water from the soil at a specific depth. Add your reagents or accessories now to save time and money later! Record the measurement when the EC reading is stable. The following are general protocols for measuring pH and EC. The HI 98129 Combo waterproof tester offers high accuracy pH, EC/TDS and temperature measurements in a single tester! Relatively dilute waters, such as distilled water or glacial melt water have low electrical conductivities, ranging from zero to the microSeimen range, whereas temperate streams and lakes, especially those with a significant groundwater contribution, generally have higher electrical conductivities. If you use tap water however this step will need to be taken. Collect sample water in a glass or plastic container. We have made several changes. It is measured by taking a soil sample, making a saturated paste of soil and deionized water, extracting the water, and then measuring the EC of the extracted solution. Alternatively you can email us at support@camlab.co.uk or give us a ring on +44 (0)1954 233120. Observe color change on the paper. This reading is very useful; you can calculate your pore water conductivity and saturated extract conductivity from the result. All irrigation water contains at least some salt. Understanding the salt balance in the soil and knowing the leaching fraction, or the amount of extra irrigation water that must be applied to maintain acceptable root zone salinity is critical to every irrigation managers success. Some are empirical, some are theoretical, but all have their own strengths and weaknesses. Creative Commons license unless otherwise noted below. Theeof a soil is the value used for almost all salinity recommendations (see, for example, Richards, 1954) and is, therefore, an important value to obtain. Total conductivity includes the EC of the soil, air, and moisture in your sample. 0000001093 00000 n Diagnosis and Improvement of Saline and Alkali Soils, USDA AG Handbook 60, Washington DC). Plus see it in action using soil moisture release curves. pH is a measure of the acidity of the water or soil based on its hydrogen ion concentration and is mathematically defined as the negative logarithm of the hydrogen ion concentration, or 0000005031 00000 n When soil testing, avoid the upper half inch or so as salts tend to accumulate there due to surface water evaporation, this will give a higher conductivity reading. The latter method can be done using a kit that contains the necessary chemicals. Created by Monica Z. Bruckner, Montana State University, Bozeman. With a temperature sensor incorporated into the penetration probe, readings are automatically temperature compensated. Soil electrical conductivity and soil salinity: New formulations and calibrations.Soil Science Society of America Journal53, no. TheES-2can be used to determine EC of irrigation water (w, ECirrig) when installed inline in the irrigation pipe (this requires a custom calibration). Collect enough so the probe tip can be submerged in sample; either rinse the probe with deionized water (and blot dry) or with sample before inserting the probe into the collection vessel. In thewebinar below, world-renowned soil physicist Dr. Gaylon Campbell teaches the fundamentals of measuring soil electrical conductivity (EC) and how to use a tool that few people think aboutbut is absolutely essential for maintaining crop yield and profit. Compact waterproof conductivity meter with flat sensor technology requiring just a couple of drops of sample. An innovative approach is to turn the leaching fraction equations around and use the EC of the drainage water to calculate deep drainage. 0000014398 00000 n Alternately, a probe attached to a meter can be lowered into a well or piezometer and the liquid EC can be measured in that manner. The strip on the left measures pH 0-7 and shows results of a strong acid sample; the center strip is pH range 5-10 and shows results of a 6.97 buffer solution sample; the strip on the right measures a broad range (pH 1-14) and shows results of a 10% bleach water solution sample. They are well suited to this method. The higher the dissolved salt/ion concentration, the more conductive the sample and hence the higher the conductivity reading. Saturation extract EC (e) tells exactly how much salt is in the soil and can be converted to soil salinity. Many factors will affect the soil conductivity, including temperature, fertiliser use, salinity, irrigation and temperature. Calibration: The conductivity and pH parameters will need calibration. These strips of paper can measure the difference 0.2-0.3 pH in a sample. DiST4 pocket tester is an affordable tester for High EC soils or for the Reams RBTI test. Buy the meter here. Short URL: https://serc.carleton.edu/16645. Receive the latest content on a regular basis. This image can be enlarged by clicking on it. pH (Range: 2-12, accuracy: 0.2 pH units. It features a stainless steel penetration probe (it is of a four ring design which is great for testing over large conductivity ranges) and automatic temperature compensation. A considerable amount of research has been conducted to determine the relationship betweenband the conductivity of the pore water (w). Salinity classes for soils (Richards, L.A. [Ed]. Try to imagine how this would work, however. It can be computed from the pore water EC using the following equation. 161 0 obj << /Linearized 1 /O 165 /H [ 1353 293 ] /L 36793 /E 16101 /N 3 /T 33454 >> endobj xref 161 27 0000000016 00000 n Equation 6 is likely to be the most useful equation for assessing salinity in the field. It has a large simple display combined with one button interface which was made with the non-specialist in mind. Assume we have measured a bulk EC of 0.3 dS/m when the water content is 0.345 m3/m3, and bulk dielectric (b) = 20.

0Z.DjGau*kd@CI+H&"_v l y B;v.3p2e x&8BWNNPDD#:2wT6ng_F{[q/au]VVD0. In Figure 3, measurements of bulk EC and volumetric water content from a GS3 were used to calculate pore water EC at the same three depths. This keeps the testing depth consistent. XD*N1(o"qCrcl9p+Nh1A5*i1HenVv=LEvp@iP]Uvq!C;~]~{.;*bpO2_:Zj:aIP*IT\osktnicjGn;3z9bt)jSWl(L))&~d*? The waters of the emerging stream are acidic and rich in iron compounds which are then exploited by various bacteria that produce oxidized iron compounds with the typical orange/brown color. If you have any questions relating to choosing a conductivity meter/probe for testing your soil, please ask using the contact form below. Calibration protocols can be found in manufacturer's instructions, but a simplified protocol can also be found. Theoretically, ions registered by EC meters are small & mobile enough to be available to plants. Submerge the probe into the sample and wait until the EC reading on the meter stabilizes. An EC meter is used to measure the EC of the water. 0000001247 00000 n A meter and probe or litmus paper can be used to measure the pH of a sample. Pocket sized tester for high EC Soils and also for evaluating animal diets (RBTI). 37 Xm HnPzU#e^{jNMt{$cq$iG\70.*G0k2v2xf9mV3[iM>[l+?j$fp,4Q"!)$ZP!p^DY"HKH7`*L Soil moisture sensorsinstalled into the soil all measure bulk EC. A good way to adjust the EC of the applied water (ECapplied) for the contribution of rain is to multiply the EC of the irrigation water times the depth of irrigation and divide by the depth of the rain plus the depth of irrigation. The flat sensor design of the LAQUAtwin EC meter allows it to get a reading with just a few drops of sample making it suitable for plant sap analysis. The sources of salt in irrigated agriculture, How common measurements are related to the amount of salt in soil, How to perform the calculations needed to know how much water to apply for a given water quality, Measure how much salt is currently in the soil, Determine how much salt is added through irrigation, Monitor continuously during irrigation to manage salts, Soil temperaturetemperature values are colocated with soil EC measurements (, Why soil moisture is more than just an amount, Water content: what it is, how its measured, and why you need it, Whether you should measure water content, water potential, or both, Which sensors measure each type of parameter. All EC testers require the use of a standard solution in order to calibrate properly before performing your tests. As water content decreases, the denominator of Equation 1 becomes small, leading to large potential errors in the calculation. The HI98331 makes testing easy for any user with single button operation and automatic calibration to 1413 S/cm conductivity standard. Ultimately, however, high salt content will affect all plants. Oxidation Reduction Potential (ORP) Tester, Replenishment Supplies For Soil Test Kits, Accessories and Conductivity Standards for RBTI, pH Tape, Test Strips, and Liquid Indicators, 2022 - Ecommerce software by PrestaShop. Place a droplet of sample on the paper - be sure you drop or pour the sample over the paper rather than dipping the paper into the sample, as the latter may contaminate the sample. Some plants are more sensitive than others to salt in the soil. Soil solution electrical conductivity measurements using different dielectric techniques.Soil Science Society of America Journal67, no. Bulk electrical conductivity of soil measures the total conductivity. 0000014579 00000 n pH is done with a three point calibration at pH 4, 7, 10 and conductivity has a one point calibration at 3.9 millimhos. Figure 2 shows soil water content values at three depths over time, immediately following fertilization. For example, the 4-Ring potentiometric probe type (found on the D-4C and 9033EC models) is more accurate & reliable throughout the entire range than the 2-Ring amperometric type. Using a fixed 2%/C temperature correction coefficient, this EC tester has a built-in temperature sensor so that samples are automatically compensated for temperature variations. w(Equation 2) has a value of around 80. Salt also attracts water and makes it more difficult for plants to take up water from the soil. There are three ways tomeasure ECin soils: measuring pore water EC, bulk EC, or saturation extract EC. Turn your phone into a pH Meter with HALO2! The HI 98331- Direct Read EC Meter is a special pocket tester designed to directly measure soil conductivity and temperature. 0000001353 00000 n Hilhorst (2000) has taken advantage of the linear relationship between the soil bulk dielectric permittivity (b) andwto allow conversion frombtowifbis known. Complexed ions (large array of simple ions) will not be counted by an EC meter (however, if soil contains a variety of active, healthy microbes, they Theoretically, ions registered by EC meters are small & mobile enough to be available to plants. Electrical Conductivity (EC) is measured in micro Siemens/cm (or S/cm) or inmilli Siemen/cm (mS/cm). Empirical or theoretical equations can be used to determine pore water EC and saturation extract EC (e) from measured bulk EC values. Measuring pH in Liquid Samples and Measuring pH in Soil Samples - these activities, from GLOBE.gov, provide laboratory activities that measure pH in soil and liquid samples, respectively. Soil moisture values give no indication of nutrient leaching or drainage. Researchers often mistake the value coming out of a soil EC sensor for pore water EC. Check calibration by measuring the EC of the standard solutions in measure rather than calibrate mode. Hilhorst (2000) recommended thatb=0= 4.1 be used as a generic offset. Electrical conductivity (EC) is the key to making these measurements. 4 (2003): 1071-1078. {&%\s9cOjTYvEW}Xp&m/!dG0;FdcUDe"80E # [b3ISb0625i3;9+y4">{DVhg uSl^E ji}m_k(LJq0i.[nYY :x] 6g3dS^*pS}=J? Lower pH corresponds with higher [H+], while higher pH is associated with lower [H+]. There are two main methods of testing soil conductivity- mixing the soil with water to form a slurry or direct soil testing. EC of groundwater can also be measured using a probe inserted into a well (a perforated tube inserted into the ground that can measure water table height) or piezometer (a tube only open at the bottom that measures the water potential at the depth where the opening is located). But where is the fertilizer?

HI98331 (Soil Test) is supplied with HI73331 penetration conductivity probe, calibration screwdriver, batteries and instructions. Parameters: If using pH strips, colors corresponding to pH values should be listed on the packaging. whereTsoilis the soil temperature (C) measured by a temperature sensor colocated with the bulk EC measurement, as is common with METER soil EC sensors. For simplicity, we use S and mS here. Measuring pH of a liquid using a pH meter and probe: Measuring EC of a liquid sample using a meter and probe: Soil pH can be measured using a pH meter (usually mixing the soil sample with water or a salt solution) or by adding a dye to the soil and observing a color change that can be compared with a chart for pH determination. Learnbasic principles you need to knowbeforedeciding how to measure it. "{0AG%-FZe0@q!$=@4c43w|FM%RoZ _txqIR{ @w4%uXI62Nb[$xI8q5!f An electrical conductivity measurement on the water removed from the sample will givee. 0000007086 00000 n Electrical conductivity (EC) is a measurement of the dissolved material in an aqueous solution, which relates to the ability of the material to conduct electrical current through it. DiST6WP (HI 98311) EC/TDS/Temperature Tester. This instrument can be used to determine depth of irrigation(Dirrig) provided you know the total area being irrigated. The illustration below demonstrates how, on a relative basis, saturation extract values might compare to one another with a lighter color indicating lower saturation extract EC and a darker color indicating higher saturation extract EC. High quality water will have a low EC reading, High EC soils are very susceptible to nematodes, Viability of seed germination can be determined by EC, EC of finished compost is an indication of its quality. When salt is added to the soil through fertilization and irrigation, it becomes concentrated there. Both charts are taken from Stirzaker (2010). 1 mmho/cm equals 1 mS/cm, but because SI discourages the use of submultiples in the denominator, this unit is changed to deciSiemen per meter (dS/m), which is numerically equivalent to mmho/cm or mS/cm. To read our post on what conductivity is and its relationship with other measurements (TDS, salinity and resistivity) click here. Most people have had the experience of fertilizing too heavily, perhaps by accident, and killing grass or other plants. The HI98331 Soil Test is a pocket tester specifically designed to directly measure soil conductivity (EC) and temperature. BE SURE TO RINSE THE PROBE THOROUGHLY BEFORE AND AFTER CALIBRATION USING DEIONIZED WATER AND CAREFULLY BLOT THE PROBE DRY USING A KIM WIPE.

Electrical conductivity can be measured using a meter and probe as well. The electrical conductivity of a solution of water extracted from a saturated soil sample, The combined electrical conductivity of the soil, air, and water in porous soil substrate, The electrical conductivity of the solution contained in the soil pores, Field agriculture applications for salt management. In the farming and the agriculture industry, conductivity can be used as an indicator of overall soil nutrient levels. Plants take up water, but they dont take up salts in any appreciable quantity. For example, if the EC of liquid irrigation water were 0.3 dS/m, and the water draining past the root zone should have an EC of no more than 3 dS/m, irrigators should run a tenth of the applied water through the profile. Below we list some of our product offering which would be suitable for this application. Hamed, Yasser, Magnus Persson, and Ronny Berndtsson. This handheld meter has been designed with direct soil testing in mind however it can also be used for measuring soil slurry. 0000005849 00000 n EC is measured in units called Seimens per unit area (e.g. Table 2. Which hotplate stirrer is the best for my application. Great for environmental and agricultural testing. Record the measurement when the pH reading is stable. pH meters are calibrated using special solutions, or buffers with a known pH value. From Equation 4 this would give a saturation water content of 1 1.33/2.65 = 0.5.

The EC of drainage water can be measured by installing probes below the root zone. NV=F:EY{Bha%k"t%LZ9>Yh^^7iFR_p:7j+r E"7 0J0^b?SG^9= endstream endobj 187 0 obj 170 endobj 165 0 obj << /Type /Page /Parent 159 0 R /Resources << /ColorSpace << /CS6 175 0 R /CS7 176 0 R /CS3 175 0 R /CS4 176 0 R /CS5 172 0 R /CS0 175 0 R /CS1 176 0 R /CS2 172 0 R /Cs5 175 0 R /Cs10 172 0 R >> /ExtGState << /GS4 183 0 R /GS5 185 0 R >> /Font << /TT8 174 0 R /TT9 167 0 R /TT10 168 0 R /T1_1 170 0 R /TT11 181 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text /ImageC /ImageI ] >> /Contents 177 0 R /StructParents 1 /MediaBox [ 0 0 595 842 ] /CropBox [ 0 0 595 842 ] /Rotate 0 >> endobj 166 0 obj << /Type /FontDescriptor /Ascent 905 /CapHeight 718 /Descent -211 /Flags 32 /FontBBox [ -628 -376 2034 1010 ] /FontName /Arial,Bold /ItalicAngle 0 /StemV 144 >> endobj 167 0 obj << /Type /Font /Subtype /TrueType /FirstChar 32 /LastChar 181 /Widths [ 278 0 0 0 0 0 667 191 333 333 0 0 278 333 278 278 556 556 556 556 556 556 556 556 0 556 278 0 584 584 0 0 0 667 0 722 722 667 611 778 722 278 0 667 556 833 0 778 667 0 722 667 611 722 0 944 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 556 556 500 556 556 278 556 556 222 0 500 222 833 556 556 556 556 333 500 278 556 500 722 500 500 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 400 0 0 0 0 576 ] /Encoding /WinAnsiEncoding /BaseFont /Arial /FontDescriptor 171 0 R >> endobj 168 0 obj << /Type /Font /Subtype /TrueType /FirstChar 32 /LastChar 118 /Widths [ 278 0 0 0 0 0 722 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 722 722 722 722 667 611 778 722 278 0 0 611 833 722 778 667 0 722 667 611 722 667 944 0 667 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 556 0 0 611 556 333 0 0 278 0 0 0 889 611 611 611 0 389 556 333 0 556 ] /Encoding /WinAnsiEncoding /BaseFont /Arial,Bold /FontDescriptor 166 0 R >> endobj 169 0 obj << /Type /FontDescriptor /Ascent 939 /CapHeight 716 /Descent -250 /Flags 32 /FontBBox [ -167 -250 1006 939 ] /FontName /Arial-BoldMT /ItalicAngle 0 /StemV 144 /XHeight 518 >> endobj 170 0 obj << /Type /Font /BaseFont /Arial-BoldMT /Subtype /Type1 /Encoding /WinAnsiEncoding /FontDescriptor 169 0 R /Widths [ 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 333 474 556 556 889 722 238 333 333 389 584 278 333 278 278 556 556 556 556 556 556 556 556 556 556 333 333 584 584 584 611 975 722 722 722 722 667 611 778 722 278 556 722 611 833 722 778 667 778 722 667 611 722 667 944 667 667 611 333 278 333 584 556 333 556 611 556 611 556 333 611 611 278 278 556 278 889 611 611 611 611 389 556 333 611 556 778 556 556 500 389 280 389 584 350 556 350 278 556 500 1000 556 556 333 1000 667 333 1000 350 611 350 350 278 278 500 500 350 556 1000 333 1000 556 333 944 350 500 667 278 333 556 556 556 556 280 556 333 737 370 556 584 333 737 333 400 584 333 333 333 611 556 278 333 333 365 556 834 834 834 611 722 722 722 722 722 722 1000 722 667 667 667 667 278 278 278 278 722 722 778 778 778 778 778 584 778 722 722 722 722 667 667 611 556 556 556 556 556 556 889 556 556 556 556 556 278 278 278 278 611 611 611 611 611 611 611 584 611 611 611 611 611 556 611 556 ] /FirstChar 0 /LastChar 255 >> endobj 171 0 obj << /Type /FontDescriptor /Ascent 905 /CapHeight 718 /Descent -211 /Flags 32 /FontBBox [ -665 -325 2028 1006 ] /FontName /Arial /ItalicAngle 0 /StemV 94 /XHeight 515 >> endobj 172 0 obj [ /Indexed 175 0 R 255 184 0 R ] endobj 173 0 obj << /Type /FontDescriptor /Ascent 891 /CapHeight 0 /Descent -216 /Flags 34 /FontBBox [ -568 -307 2028 1007 ] /FontName /TimesNewRoman /ItalicAngle 0 /StemV 0 >> endobj 174 0 obj << /Type /Font /Subtype /TrueType /FirstChar 32 /LastChar 121 /Widths [ 250 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 333 333 0 0 0 0 250 278 500 500 500 500 500 500 0 500 500 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 667 0 611 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 444 0 444 500 444 0 0 0 278 0 0 278 0 500 500 0 0 333 0 278 500 500 0 0 500 ] /Encoding /WinAnsiEncoding /BaseFont /TimesNewRoman /FontDescriptor 173 0 R >> endobj 175 0 obj [ /CalRGB << /WhitePoint [ 0.9505 1 1.089 ] /Gamma [ 2.22221 2.22221 2.22221 ] /Matrix [ 0.4124 0.2126 0.0193 0.3576 0.71519 0.1192 0.1805 0.0722 0.9505 ] >> ] endobj 176 0 obj /DeviceGray endobj 177 0 obj << /Filter /FlateDecode /Length 178 0 R >> stream