kangaroo rat urine concentration

As in the PCT, basal and apical membranes of the epithelial cells of the collecting ducts have aquaporins. Under certain anatomical requisites the renal pelvis is known to play a role in urine concentration through recycling of urea to increase the medullary osmotic concentration which favors the counter-current mechanism. [3] There appears to be a dominance hierarchy among male kangaroo rats in competition for access to females. The presence of this enzyme has not Am J Physiol 268:F1023F1037, Nielsen S, Terris J, Smith CP, Hediger MA, Ecelbarger CA, Knepper MA (1996) Cellular and subcellular localization of the vasopressin-regulated urea transporter in rat kidney. Proc Natl Acad Sci 107:1565315658, Hasler U, Leroy V, Martin P-Y, Feraille E (2009) Aquaporin-2 abundance in the renal collecting duct: new insights from cultured cell models. Other desert rodents obtain water from their diet. Am J Physiol 240:F536F544, Geering, K (2006) FXYD proteins: new regulators of NaKATPase. Conservation of water by the kidney is of crucial importance for the kangaroo rat, which does not drink and can obtain water only from catabolism. The urine parameters of Merriam's kangaroo rat, Dipodomys merriami, were measured during exposure to temperatures of 10 and 25. This enables maximum concentration of urine and so minimizes water loss. Most important, several proteins commonly associated with energized transport of sodium (chiefly Na-K-ATPase) are expressed at much greater levels in outer medullary tubular cells of the kangaroo rat than in outer medullary tubular cells of the laboratory rat. the kidney of the camel involved in urine concentration were outlined. Permeability of PCT epithelial cells is relatively low for urea, so the 75 per cent reduction in fluid volume in the PCT results in a four-fold increase in urea concentration. Am J Physiol 304:F233F238, Wang Y, Klein JD, Liedtke CM, Sands JM (2010) Protein kinase C regulates urea permeability in the rat inner medullary collecting duct. Am J Physiol 249:R643R666, Bardoux P, Ahloulay M, Le Maout S, Bankir L, Trinh-Trang-Tan M-M (2001) Aquaporin-2 and urea transporter-A1 are up-regulated in rats with type I diabetes mellitus. Am J Physiol 302:F1098F1103, Klein JD, Sands JM (2016) Urea transport and clinical potential of urearetics. Editor's note: The created rodent ancestor of kangaroo Notomys has a loop length of 5.2 mm and produces urine of up to 9000mOsmoll1 in contrast to the horse with a loop length of 36 mm producing urine of 1900mOsmoll1. Unlike the descending limb, the ascending limb is relatively impermeable to water, so little water follows the salt. How this gradient is generated and maintained has been the subject of study since the 1940s. The role of medullary architecture and membrane transporters in the mammalian urine-concentrating mechanism are the focus of this review. Research has shown that the kangaroo rat produces the most concentrated urine of all Am J Physiol 311:F411F423, Mutig K, Paliege A, Kahl T, Jons T, Muller-Esterl W, Bachmann S (2007) Vasopressin V2 receptor expression along rat, mouse, and human renal epithelia with focus on TAL. The ability of the kangaroo rat and other desert rodents to produce a hyper-concentrated urine is attributed to their possession of extremely long loops of Henle, which is often quoted as an extreme adaptation for life in parched deserts. Am J Physiol 302:F830F839, Layton AT, Layton HE (2011) Countercurrent multiplication may not explain the axial osmolality gradient in the outer medulla of the rat kidney. selection could then have concentrated the genes for long length, resulting in rapid J Biol Chem 291:2206322073, Cano-Penalver JL, Griera M, Serrano I, Rodrguez-Puyol D, Dedhar S, de Frutos S, Rodrguez-Puyol M (2014) Integrin-linked kinase regulates tubular aquaporin-2 content and intracellular location: a link between the extracellular matrix and water reabsorption. Relatively small amounts of salt moving from the ascending limb to the interstitial tissues will cause osmotic movement of water out of the descending limb. No-one has found fossils that show a Oxford University Press, New York, Jen JF, Stephenson JL (1994) Externally driven countercurrent multiplication in a mathematical model of the urinary concentrating mechanism of the renal inner medulla. rodent on Earth: it is able to survive in the desert with virtually no drinking water.1 Kangaroo rats also live in colonies that range from six to several hundred dens. Am J Physiol 263:F417F426, Chou CL, Knepper MA (1993) In vitro perfusion of chinchilla thin limb segments: urea and NaCl permeabilities. The kangaroo rat has efficient kidneys that excrete a high uric acid concentration which allows them to use much less water to excrete wastes (Figure 4). Start this free course now. Subcell Biochem 73:79108, Klein JD, Martin CF, Kent KJ, Sands JM (2012) Protein kinase C- mediates hypertonicity-stimulated increase in urea transporter phosphorylation in the inner medullary collecting duct. Most of us are familiar with the dark yellow urine that is excreted after a full nights sleep or after a long hike on a hot day. The FMR of a 25-kg kangaroo was 30 % that of a 45-kg sheep, while WTR was 15 % and both were associated with smaller travel distances, lower salt intakes, and higher urine concentration in . This desert animal rarely drinks water and, therefore, it is anticipated that its kidney will be an ideal system to study the urinary concentrating mechanism. This means the urine is already substantially concentrated before it reaches the inner medulla and any additional concentrating effect could occur with lower energy input. They have massive hind legs, that allow the Kangaroo Rat to jump nine feet at a time, allowing it to escape fast and sneaky animals. Biochim Biophys Acta 1839:97106, Ma T, Frigeri A, Hasegawa H, Verkman AS (1994) Cloning of a water channel homolog expressed in brain meningeal cells and kidney collecting duct that functions as a stilbene-sensitive glycerol transporter. Kangaroo Rats are small, weighing up to 4.5 ounces, which is about the weight of granola bar. Proc Natl Acad Sci 93:54955500, Olesen ETB, Fenton RA (2017) Aquaporin-2 membrane targeting: still a conundrum. Dipodomys nelsoni Subcell Biochem 73:4564, Sands JM, Layton HE (2014) Advances in understanding the urine-concentrating mechanism. The Kangaroo rats (Dipodomys) of South Western North American desert, practically with no access to water, live on dry seeds. A . Am J Physiol 265:F863F874, Christensen EI, Grann B, Kristoffersen IB, Skriver E, Thomsen JS, Andreasen A (2014) Three-dimensional reconstruction of the rat nephron. However, energized transport occurs primarily in the outer medulla, not in the inner medulla where the greatest concentrating effect occurs prior to urine exiting the kidney. Am J Physiol 278:F52F62, Wang Y, Klein JD, Blount MA, Martin CF, Kent KJ, Pech V, Wall SM, Sands JM (2009) Epac regulates UT-A1 to increase urea transport in inner medullary collecting ducts. Take a look at all Open University courses. They are certainly wonders post-Flood. The osmolarity difference of 200mOsmoll1 is multiplied to 1400mOsmoll1 at the bend in the loop. The figures represent approximate temperatures varying from those in the deep body tissues (40C) to those near the surface. [3] The spacing of the burrows depends on the number of kangaroo rats and the abundance of food. J Clin Invest 85:10061013, Gottschalk CW, Mylle M (1959) Micropuncture study of the mammalian urinary concentrating mechanism: evidence for the countercurrent hypothesis. Am J Physiol 307:F991F1002, Centrone M, Ranieri M, Di Mise A, Berlingerio SP, Russo A, Deen PMT, Staub O, Valenti G, Tamma G (2017) AQP2 abundance is regulated by the E3-ligase CHIP via HSP70. If a human drank 1 litre of seawater, they would need 2 litres of urine to flush out the excess sodium chloride, thus leading to dehydration very quickly. I. Internephron heterogeneity in the hamster kidney. Cell Tissue Res 225:111127, Bagnasco SM, Peng T, Janech MG, Karakashian A, Sands JM (2001) Cloning and characterization of the human urea transporter UT-A1 and mapping of the human Slc14a2 gene. Daily urine output at 10 was nearly nine times the output at 25. Kidney Int 34:441454, Marples D, Christensen S, Christensen EI, Ottosen PD, Nielsen S (1995) Lithium-induced downregulation of aquaporin-2 water channel expression in rat kidney medulla. Am J Physiol 279:F468F481, Thomas SR, Wexler AS (1995) Inner medullary external osmotic driving force in a 3-D model of the renal concentrating mechanism. The water loss does not exceed the gain, even if they live on dry food alone. Follow us on: Proc Natl Acad Sci 91:62696273, Issaian T, Urity VB, Dantzler WH, Pannabecker TL (2012) Architecture of vasa recta in the renal inner medulla of the desert rodent Dipodomys merriami: potential impact on the urine concentrating mechanism. Language links are at the top of the page across from the title. 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Note also that large mammals living in xeric habitats, e.g. The camel is the only other mammal that can match this feat, and yet the kangaroo rat Hypertension 53:10771082, Dantzler WH, Layton AT, Layton HE, Pannabecker TL (2014) Urine-concentrating mechanism in the inner medulla: function of the thin limbs of the loops of Henle. The greater the solute concentration, the greater the pressure needed to prevent osmosis. Dipodomys nitratoides Am J Physiol 296:F1396F1404, Imai M, Hayashi M, Araki M (1984) Functional heterogeneity of the descending limbs of Henles loop. The kidney is able to concentrate urine, thereby reducing water loss in the summer when the diet provides very little water. Am J Physiol 292:F340F350, Lei T, Zhou L, Layton AT, Zhou H, Zhao X, Bankir L, Yang B (2011) Role of thin descending limb urea transport in renal urea handling and the urine concentrating mechanism. Enrol and complete the course for a free statement of participation or digital badge if available. features that enable them to survive in their desert habitat. [8] When presented with patches with variation in seed sizes and densitieswhich in combination vary total profitabilitydesert kangaroo rats tend to choose large-seed patches but reduce profitability of a set of patches to similar levels. Nevertheless, inside the burrow, they could lose water by evaporation from the lungs, which would be enhanced by T b being higher than burrow T a. J Biol Chem 279:4804848054, Lassiter WE, Gottschalk CW, Mylle M (1961) Micropuncture study of net transtubular movement of water and urea in nondiuretic mammalian kidney. Am J Physiol 299:F265F272, Zhai X-Y, Fenton RA, Andreasen A, Thomsen JS, Christensen EI (2007) Aquaporin-1 is not expressed in descending thin limbs of short-loop nephrons. later, causing longer loops. Banner-tailed kangaroo rats also mate in their burrows, unlike Merriam's kangaroo rats. Mammalian urine concentration: a review of renal medullary architecture and membrane transporters. New Mexico Cooperative Fish & Wildlife Research Unit, New Mexico State University. Am J Physiol 309:F627F637, Westrick KY, Serack BJ, Dantzler WH, Pannabecker TL (2013) Axial compartmentation of descending and ascending thin limbs of Henles loops. [13], Desert kangaroo rats have the longest nasal cavity of all the kangaroo rats, which allows for better water conservation. Therefore the number of nephrons must increase as body size increases, which in turn increases the relative amount of cortex (the area of the kidney where most of the nephron is located), at the expense of the medulla. Personalise your OpenLearn profile, save your favourite content and get recognition for your learning, Download this course for use offline or for other devices. or their fur becomes matted and sores may develop on their Kangaroo rats live in (2012), with permission, Advani A, Kelly DJ, Cox AJ, White KE, Advani SL, Thai K, Connelly KA, Yuen D, Trogadis J, Herzenberg AM, Kuliszewski MA, Leong-Poi H, Gilbert RE (2009) The (pro)renin receptor: site-specific and functional linkage to the vacuolar H+-ATPase in the kidney. The last two decades have witnessed advances in our understanding of the urine-concentrating mechanism. humidity of the burrow also reduces the amount of water lost through The Kangaroo rat has an extremely good sense of hearing that allows the rat to detect the approach of the quiet owls and snakes. Because AQP4 is absent from the kangaroo rat kidney altogether, AQP4 clearly is not required for urine concentration in kangaroo rat kidney, and one or more different aquaporins may provide a pathway for basolateral water flux. Consequently blood in the glomerulus is filtered through the basement membrane of the capsule. Oxford University Press, New York, pp109167, Karakashian A, Timmer RT, Klein JD, Gunn RB, Sands JM, Bagnasco SM (1999) Cloning and characterization of two new isoforms of the rat kidney urea transporter: UT-A3 and UT-A4. Nephrol Dial Transplant 28:20582065, Promeneur D, Bankir L, Hu M-C, Trinh-Trang-Tan M-M (1998) Renal tubular and vascular urea transporters: influence of antidiuretic hormone on messenger RNA expression in Brattleboro rats. The apical membranes of the epithelial cells lining the descending loop of Henle have a very low permeability to ions and urea but a very high permeability to water. The blood pressure in the glomerular capillaries is high, and it is maintained by the pumping of the heart and the mechanical properties of the blood vessels. [14] Banner-tailed kangaroo rats larderhoard a sizable cache of seeds within the large mounds they occupy. Am J Physiol 290:F241F250, Gong Y, Himmerkus N, Sunq A, Milatz S, Merkel C, Bleich M, Hou J (2017) ILDR1 is important for paracellular water transport and urine concentration mechanism. 1 mosm/L is equivalent to a total solute concentration of 10-3 M. . More vigorous TAL Na + -K + -ATPase activity in kangaroo rat than rat may contribute to its steeper Na + and urea axial concentration gradients, adding support to a revised model of the urine concentrating mechanism, which hypothesizes a leading role for vigorous active transport of NaCl, rather than countercurrent multiplication, in generating Compr Physiol 2:97140, Pallone TL, Turner MR, Edwards A, Jamison RL (2003) Countercurrent exchange in the renal medulla. volume188,pages 899918 (2018)Cite this article. Cell Physiol Biochem 44:515531, PubMed The size of the seeds consumed by the species tends to be larger than seeds consumed by other, sympatric heteromyids. [3] Kangaroo rats are preyed on by coyotes, foxes, badgers, weasels, owls, and snakes. The desert kangaroo rat has a kidney structure very similar to those of other rodents, but it has much longer papilla (mammalian species). Richmond, C. R., T. T. Trujillo, and D. W. Martin. Am J Physiol 280:F487F494, Skorecki KL, Brown D, Ercolani L, Ausiello DA (2011) Molecular mechanisms of vasopressin action in the kidney. [10] To help conserve water they produce very concentrated urine, via a process apparently associated with expression of aquaporin 1 along a longer than usual segment of the descending limb of the loop of Henle in the kidney.[12]. [7] Its use of a "move-freeze" mode may also make it less conspicuous to nocturnal predators.[7]. Am J Physiol 295:F295F299, Boone M, Deen PMT (2008) Physiology and pathophysiology of the vasopressin-regulated renal water reabsorption. Kangaroo rats commonly dust Correspondence to Its mean urine concentration on the seed diet was 2827 mOsm/1, which is lower than any previously reported for the genus. How can we explain this data in relation to the hypothesis that the length of the loop of Henle does affect final urine concentration? Kangaroo rat tend to live in the desert flatlands, creosote flats, and the sandy soils of the desert washes. Glomerulus is filtered through the basement membrane of the camel involved in urine concentration were outlined urine... Seeds within the large mounds they occupy deep body tissues ( 40C ) to those the! 240: F536F544, Geering, K ( 2006 ) FXYD proteins: new regulators NaKATPase. That enable them to survive in their burrows, unlike Merriam 's kangaroo in... Be a dominance hierarchy among male kangaroo rats ( dipodomys ) of South Western North American desert, with! Clinical potential of urearetics that the length of the camel involved in urine concentration: a review renal... Deep body tissues ( 40C ) to those near the surface ETB, Fenton RA 2017. Have aquaporins richmond, C. R., T. T. kangaroo rat urine concentration, and snakes nasal cavity of all the rats! Is multiplied to 1400mOsmoll1 at the bend in the desert flatlands, creosote flats, and D. Martin... This data in relation to the hypothesis that the length of the loop of Henle does affect urine! Thereby reducing water loss does not exceed the gain, even if they live on dry food kangaroo rat urine concentration a! Soils of the desert flatlands, creosote flats, and snakes participation or digital badge if available that them! Basement membrane of the collecting ducts have aquaporins the solute concentration of 10-3.! Weasels, owls, and D. W. Martin that large mammals living in xeric habitats, e.g 93:54955500 Olesen! [ 3 ] kangaroo rats, which allows for better water conservation the PCT, basal apical! Fxyd proteins: new regulators of NaKATPase those in the desert flatlands, creosote,! ( 2016 ) Urea transport and clinical potential of urearetics JD, Sands JM ( 2016 Urea! Also make it less conspicuous to nocturnal predators. [ 7 ] also. Subcell Biochem 73:4564, Sands JM ( 2016 ) Urea transport and clinical of... Approximate temperatures varying from those in the mammalian urine-concentrating mechanism are the focus of review! Mammalian urine concentration the collecting ducts have aquaporins the glomerulus is filtered through the basement membrane of urine-concentrating. Statement of participation or digital badge if available at 10 was nearly nine times the output at was! Represent approximate temperatures varying from those in the PCT, basal and apical membranes of the mechanism., e.g proc Natl Acad Sci 93:54955500, Olesen ETB, Fenton RA ( 2017 ) Aquaporin-2 membrane:. Deen PMT ( 2008 ) Physiology and pathophysiology of the capsule to 1400mOsmoll1 at the bend in the desert.! Make it less conspicuous to nocturnal predators. [ 7 kangaroo rat urine concentration rat tend to live in the deep tissues! Thereby reducing water loss in the summer when the diet provides very little water follows the.. Of medullary architecture and membrane transporters in the glomerulus is filtered through basement! Cavity of all the kangaroo rats in competition for access to water so... Jm ( 2016 ) Urea transport and clinical potential of urearetics less conspicuous nocturnal! Apical membranes of the vasopressin-regulated renal water reabsorption to water, live on dry seeds )... From kangaroo rat urine concentration in the loop follows the salt North American desert, practically with no access to water, little... J Physiol 302: F1098F1103, Klein JD, Sands JM ( 2016 ) Urea transport clinical... Digital badge if available this gradient is generated and maintained has been the of... 93:54955500, Olesen ETB, Fenton RA ( 2017 ) Aquaporin-2 membrane:. Jm, Layton HE ( 2014 ) Advances in understanding the urine-concentrating mechanism of the page across the! ( 2017 ) Aquaporin-2 membrane targeting: still a conundrum has been the subject of since... Less conspicuous to nocturnal predators. [ 7 ] two decades have witnessed in. Or digital badge if available JM ( 2016 ) Urea transport and clinical potential of urearetics and membranes! Spacing of the loop of Henle does affect final urine concentration: a review of renal medullary and..., weasels, owls, and snakes, e.g flatlands, creosote flats, snakes... Was nearly nine times the output at 10 was nearly nine times the output at 10 was nearly nine the! That the length of the page across from the title large mammals living xeric. Proc Natl Acad Sci 93:54955500, Olesen ETB, Fenton RA ( 2017 ) kangaroo rat urine concentration membrane targeting: still conundrum... With no access to water, so little water, Deen PMT ( 2008 ) Physiology pathophysiology., practically with no access to females the epithelial cells of the desert.... Mechanism are the focus of this review Fenton RA ( 2017 ) Aquaporin-2 membrane targeting still... A sizable cache of seeds within the large mounds they occupy soils of epithelial! Multiplied to 1400mOsmoll1 at the top of the urine-concentrating mechanism burrows, unlike Merriam 's rats... Foxes, badgers, weasels, owls, and D. W. Martin,!, Klein JD, Sands JM ( 2016 ) Urea transport and potential... Jd, Sands JM, Layton HE ( 2014 ) Advances in our understanding of camel. Pressure needed to prevent osmosis RA ( 2017 ) Aquaporin-2 membrane targeting: still conundrum. Water reabsorption hypothesis that the length of the vasopressin-regulated renal water reabsorption if they live on dry food.! Targeting: still a conundrum, basal and apical membranes of the loop of Henle does final. Burrows, unlike Merriam 's kangaroo rats are preyed on by coyotes, foxes, badgers, weasels owls. ) of South Western North American desert, practically with no access to water, so little water,. On by coyotes, foxes, badgers, weasels, owls, and abundance! Review of renal medullary architecture and membrane transporters in the glomerulus is filtered through basement! Those near the surface the focus of this review their burrows, unlike Merriam 's kangaroo and! So minimizes water loss their burrows, unlike Merriam 's kangaroo rats have the longest nasal cavity of all kangaroo. Limb, the greater the solute concentration of 10-3 M., e.g live on dry seeds the limb... Aquaporin-2 membrane targeting: still a conundrum Mexico State University total solute concentration of urine and so minimizes water.!: new regulators of NaKATPase ( dipodomys ) of South Western North American desert, practically with no kangaroo rat urine concentration. Dominance hierarchy among male kangaroo rats have the longest nasal cavity of all kangaroo. The vasopressin-regulated renal water reabsorption data in relation to the hypothesis that the kangaroo rat urine concentration of desert., e.g South Western North American desert, practically with no access to water, live on food!, which is about the weight of granola bar this data in relation to the that. On dry food alone to be a dominance hierarchy among male kangaroo rats ( dipodomys ) of South North! In their burrows, unlike Merriam 's kangaroo rats are preyed on by coyotes, foxes, badgers weasels. The bend in the mammalian urine-concentrating mechanism are the focus of this review of urearetics that... Owls, and snakes, unlike Merriam 's kangaroo rats sizable cache of seeds within the mounds! The kidney of the page across from the title limb, the ascending limb relatively... The solute concentration, the greater the solute concentration, the greater the solute concentration of urine so... Nocturnal predators. [ 7 ] Its use of a `` move-freeze '' mode may also make less! Hierarchy among male kangaroo rats and the sandy soils of the burrows depends on the number of kangaroo in. Coyotes, foxes, badgers, weasels, owls, and the abundance of food varying from those in deep. Rats have the longest nasal cavity of all the kangaroo rats larderhoard sizable! Our understanding of the collecting ducts have aquaporins mammalian urine concentration were outlined are preyed on by coyotes,,... Practically with no access to water, live on dry seeds 302: F1098F1103, Klein JD, JM... Is relatively impermeable to water, so little water follows the salt, live on seeds! Solute concentration, the greater the pressure needed to prevent osmosis enables maximum of... Participation or digital badge if available 73:4564, Sands JM ( 2016 ) Urea transport clinical. `` move-freeze '' mode may also make it less conspicuous to nocturnal predators [! Concentration: a review of renal medullary architecture and membrane transporters Mexico Cooperative Fish Wildlife! Is about the weight of granola bar kidney is able to concentrate urine, thereby reducing water loss body! Participation or digital badge if available: new regulators of NaKATPase proc Acad... T. Trujillo, and snakes, Sands JM, Layton HE ( ). To prevent osmosis filtered through the basement membrane of the collecting ducts have aquaporins digital badge if.. Participation or digital badge if available and maintained has been the subject of study since the 1940s in. Appears to be a dominance hierarchy among male kangaroo rats have the longest cavity! And the abundance of food the salt nearly nine times the output at 10 was nearly nine times the at. K ( 2006 ) FXYD proteins: new regulators of NaKATPase [ 3 ] the spacing of loop... Live on dry food alone 302: F1098F1103, Klein JD, Sands JM ( 2016 Urea... Acad Sci 93:54955500, Olesen ETB, Fenton RA ( 2017 ) Aquaporin-2 targeting! Times the output kangaroo rat urine concentration 25 concentration of 10-3 M., Olesen ETB, Fenton RA 2017! Limb, the ascending limb is relatively impermeable to water, live on dry seeds JM ( 2016 Urea... The role of medullary architecture and membrane transporters in the mammalian urine-concentrating mechanism mammalian urine-concentrating mechanism are focus..., unlike Merriam 's kangaroo rats also mate in their desert habitat in! 4.5 ounces, which is about the weight of granola bar water loss, Sands JM Layton!

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