what temperature should i cover my hydrangeas

For cultivars like these, hydrangea and spring frosts are a danger. Mulch hydrangeas every year in spring, with leaf mould, well-rotted manure, or compost. Place a few inches of compost (not fertilizer) around the plant in late fall or early winter or after the ground freezes to supply nutrients in the spring. Add about six to eight inches of mulch and other protective items around the bottom to keep it healthy. However, once you have your plants winter home in place, the remainder of the winter only will require a little housekeeping to maintain successful hydrangea winter protection. Hydrangeas form their flower and leaf buds in fall, so freezing temperatures can kill off the buds before they have a chance to flower. 8. Are hydrangeas a perennial plant? I shall water my hydrangeas till the earth freezes solid, you declare while raising your right hand. Heres what you need to know about growing hydrangeas in pots: Learning how to care for hydrangeas starts before the plants are even in the ground. A: I have good news! While hydrangeas are fairly hardy flowers, they can be damaged by extreme temperatures. Harsh drying winds, both in summer and winter, stress hydrangea plants. But that same Hydrangea may start to suffer in extreme cold or frost. They are usually found in shades of pink, blue, or purple, but can also be white. Deadheading hydrangeas doesnt cause any damage to the plants at all. Pruning will drain much of the plants energy. Hydrangeas growing in pots can be brought indoors for the winter, either inside your home or in a garage to prevent freezing temperatures from shocking them. Hydrangeas can be tiny or huge! If the plant is severely affected, it may be best to prune out the affected branches and only leave the healthy ones. Foliage may also be slightly shriveled. In spring, gently clear away the mulch when the danger of hard frost has passed. Use a lightweight fabric such as a sheet or blanket to cover and secure with stakes or an old shower curtain rod. The flowers have a large center cone surrounded by four to five smaller petals. Bring them inside The first step is to bring your potted hydrangeas inside before the temperatures start to drop too low. Oak leaves work well because they do not settle as easily as other materials. . Apply compost in the late fall or early winter in zones that are warmer. Wrap or totally cover barely hardy hydrangeas in chilly areas. Water less often During the winter months, your plants will need less water than they do during the warmer months. These issues cause the plants cellular structure to break apart. Apply a thick layer of mulch around the plants base to offer hydrangeas the best chance of flourishing. When nights are clear and cold, at least 32 degrees Fahrenheit, plants suffer from frost damage because they lose more heat through their leaves than they gain, making the plant colder than the surrounding air. Here in Minnesota, our moods can fluctuate as drastically as the unpredictably harsh winter weather extremes, snowfall, and freeze/thaw cycles. One question we get a lot at the nursery is When should I cover my hydrangeas? First, choose a variety that is known to be more resistant to cold weather. If you have a panicle or smooth hydrangea, you can put it outside earlier since these varieties are more cold hardy. Install two stakes slightly taller than the plants, and stretch a light-colored sheet between them. If the leaves are faded or dried up, removing them can be beneficial for the plant, as it allows for better circulation of air and nutrients and reduces the risk of disease or pests. This is exactly how hydrangeas are supposed to look. Hydrangea grows best in areas with mild winters and few days of freezing temperatures. Another culprit is damage from frost. Protect from snow buildup that could . But in the real world, temperatures as low as 12 degrees and late fall or early spring freezes may reduce the flowering capability of this hydrangea. What Is Chinese Five Spice and How Can I Cook With It? Typically hydrangeas thrive when fed an all-purpose, balanced fertilizer like a 10-10-10 N-P-K or 12-4-8 N-P-K. To increase the size and quantity of hydrangea blooms, consider a fertilizer with more phosphorus. 2023 Gardening Know How, Future US LLC, Full 7th Floor, 130 West 42nd Street, New York, NY 10036. Mulching helps keep moisture in and weeds out in warmer climates while shielding the crown and roots of your hydrangeas from harsh winter temperatures in colder climates. Gather enough pine straw (long dried pine needles) and large oak leaves in autumn and keep in a paper lawn bag, sheltered from rain, to use later. Determining the severity of the problem will help you to know whether or not you need to prune your shrub and how much needs to be cut back. The best time to prune the leaves of a Brown hydrangea is at the end of the dormancy period in the spring (around April or May, depending on the region). The key to hydrangea winter protection is to protect your plant, whether in a pot or in the ground, prior to the first frost of winter through the last frost the following spring. Hot summer weather can scorch hydrangeas' foliage and flowers, weakening the plants or killing their leaves. Overwatering will result in yellowing leaves in hydrangea plants as well as most other plants. Another option is to build a simple frame around your hydrangea bush and cover it with burlap or another breathable fabric. Hydrangeas do best in moist soil and can wilt in hot weather, so keep well-watered during hot spells in summer. The roots can live through conditions as low as -18 F. On these tough plants, the wood and root structures are well-insulated and not likely to experience significant harm. Keep this structure in place all winter and remove as temperatures begin to warm in spring. Then, once the frost has passed, uncover the plants to ensure that they do not heat up too quickly under the sunlight and become damaged. For perennial vines that reach impressive heights, choose climbing hydrangeas. if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[300,250],'remodelormove_com-leader-3','ezslot_21',164,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-remodelormove_com-leader-3-0');if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[300,250],'remodelormove_com-leader-3','ezslot_22',164,'0','1'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-remodelormove_com-leader-3-0_1');.leader-3-multi-164{border:none!important;display:block!important;float:none!important;line-height:0;margin-bottom:7px!important;margin-left:auto!important;margin-right:auto!important;margin-top:7px!important;max-width:100%!important;min-height:250px;padding:0;text-align:center!important}In order to determine what the outcome may be for a frost bitten plant, it is important to observe the plants reaction and the extent of the damage. But in the real world, temperatures as low as 12 degrees and late fall or early spring freezes may reduce the flowering capability of this hydrangea. Additionally, it is important to keep the area around the hydrangea clear of debris such as fallen leaves and dead stems that can inhibit the growth of new buds in the spring. This means stopping all fertilizer and watering until spring arrives. Although hydrangeas cultivated in warmer areas dont need as much post-season primping as those grown in our zone, there isnt a single thing that wouldnt appreciate a little tender loving care right now. You can use a tomato cage or build a cage with chicken wire/garden fleece/burlap and fill it loosely with leaves. In some cases, only parts of the plant can be salvaged; in other cases, the entire plant may be lost. Make scratches in the bark where the branch touches the trench soil. The "Cityline" hydrangeas are mostly hardy to Zone 5. They don't need to be protected unless it is below minus 30 degrees Fahrenheit (-34 C.). You should find out how to avoid winter kill on hydrangeas if you plan to plant big leaf or another variety that blooms on old wood. Covering them will also help to keep ice and snow from accumulating on top of and around the plant. Wrapping Up. For hydrangeas planted in the ground, the first consideration for winter care is to figure out if the shrub is planted in an appropriate location. This is a pretty broad range, but they do grow happily throughout most of the United States. What temperature is too cold for hydrangeas? Mulching before a hard frost might attract rodents to the base of the plant, or fool the plant into thinking it's warmer than it is. Another is to turn on your hose to a slow trickle. In their favor and ours! Many people wrap their plants to insulate them. Established hydrangeas may suffer less damage than a young, newly planted hydrangea. Give the hydrangea a thorough soaking at the base daily for the first week while the plant gets established. Learning how to care for hydrangeas starts before the plants are even in the ground. If you live in an area where the winters are particularly harsh, its best to bring your potted hydrangea inside when the temperature starts to drop. that a plant can survive. (Is pruning in order? Garden hydrangeas should be covered with a fleece cloth in the event of a severe night frost, such as when the temperature drops to -10 C. This will keep the. Additionally, covering the shrub with a blanket or burlap on cold nights can help to prevent damage from late frost. Straw or marsh hay is ideal, as they insulate the bottom part of the plant well. It is best to cover your hydrangeas in temperatures that are below 16 C (3 F) or above 32 C (90 F). The appearance of hydrangea frost damage will depend on the severity of the cold weather. This is because the roots are confined to a smaller space and have less access to moisture. You can use anything from twigs to 2-by-2-inch lumber . The shrubs themselves benefit from a covering -- on either their above-ground portions or their roots -- at different times of the year to protect them from specific climate conditions. Though cold damage will not kill your Hydrangeas, it will likely put a dent in the number of colorful flowers youll see this year. Make sure to water your hydrangeas regularly, as an extra layer of soil moisture can provide additional protection from frost. Hydrangeas are frost resistant to a degree. If you want to protect your hydrangeas from frost damage, you can take a few measures. You can use a few layers of burlap or another thick material over the Hydrangeas. Then, out of nowhere, there is a cold snap that brings the temperatures back down to freezing, and all of a sudden, your beautiful flowers and bushes are struggling to survive. Effectively, a hydrangea should be able to sustain a temperature of minus-10 degrees. These hydrangeas ought to be viewed as container plants in Zone 5 and brought indoors for the winter. Big-leaf hydrangeas tend to perform better when located in a more sheltered spot. Place the sunshade on the side of the plants where they receive the most intense afternoon sunlight, but arrange the sunshade so it doesn't block morning sunlight. Plants may need covering if there's a long period of 25-degree weather, but they probably can survive a very short-lived cold snap during the night, Reeves said. So to recap: Do not prune big leaf hydrangea in fall, winter or spring. Hydrangeas are a well-loved and popular garden shrub that bring reliable beauty with their lush blooms. Hydrangeas are hardy in U.S. Department of Agriculture plant hardiness zones 3 through 9, depending on the variety. If youre not sure which type of hydrangea you have, a good rule of thumb is to cover them if theyre blooming or if they have new growth. Whether or not your damaged Hydrangea will rebloom will depend on the type of plant you have, the severity of the damage, and how late in the year the frost occurred. Hydrangeas growing in pots can be brought indoors for the winter, either inside your home or in a garage to prevent freezing temperatures from shocking them. There are five main types of hydrangea: These all have varying degrees of winter hardiness, so it's crucial to know their growing zone limits and their potential vulnerability in winter weather. The perennials have stunning foliage and blooms, and are mostly fuss-free. If only the leaves have been damaged, but the buds seem to be okay, youll be best leaving the plant alone until it has bloomed for the season. If youve just experienced some unusually cold weather, and you see your plant turning to a color that you know is unnatural for this time of year, the bad news is that your Hydrangea has most likely been damaged by the frost. Additionally, it is important to try and water the ground around the plant to create a barrier between the soil and the cold air outside. Be sure to check the soil regularly and water as needed usually every few days during the warmer months. if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[300,250],'remodelormove_com-medrectangle-4','ezslot_1',155,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-remodelormove_com-medrectangle-4-0');if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[300,250],'remodelormove_com-medrectangle-4','ezslot_2',155,'0','1'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-remodelormove_com-medrectangle-4-0_1');.medrectangle-4-multi-155{border:none!important;display:block!important;float:none!important;line-height:0;margin-bottom:7px!important;margin-left:auto!important;margin-right:auto!important;margin-top:7px!important;max-width:100%!important;min-height:250px;padding:0;text-align:center!important}Hydrangeas are relatively frost hardy, but they will not survive extended periods of freezing temperatures. Discoloration is the most common sign of frost damage on a Hydrangea. need moist soil and plenty of sunlight to grow and bloom well. If it gets too hot over 100 degrees Fahrenheit (38 degrees Celsius) the flowers will wilt and turn brown at the tips. Ideally, an early blanket of snow helps with this too, but these days we can't always rely on "normal" weather patterns. In both cases, the leaves will also be affected; they may curl up or drop off entirely. This is how: Making a small hole in the side of a 5-gallon bucket, filling it with water, and placing it at the base of the plant while it slowly drips out of the bucket is one method. Bring hydrangeas inside before the first frost of fall. The good news is that hydrangeas are generally hardy plants and can withstand some cold weather. While decorative mulch is useful, straw, marsh hay, or dead leaves are suggested instead. All hydrangeas are perennials that are either woody or herbaceous. If youre not sure whether or not to cover your hydrangeas, err on the side of caution and give them some protection from the cold weather. Just make sure to do all of the aforementioned things, including watering and mulching. With these measures in place, plants should have a better chance at surviving a freeze. This is because water will help insulate the roots and protect them from the cold temperatures. We dont need to get all linguistically nerdy right now, but their name literally means hydration. Winters cool, dry winds completely drain the moisture from the vegetation, and hydrangeas dont use lip balm. Covering hydrangeas for winter is as simple as placing a blanket over larger plants, or setting a box over smaller plants when temperatures near freezing are expected. Hydrangeas that bloom on last seasons growth (old wood) will need a layer of straw or mulch to protect the stems through winter. The foliage of Oakleaf hydrangeas have brilliant color in the fall. Bend a branch down to the trench so it touches the soil in the middle of the branch (six to 12 inches of branch should extend past the trench). Keep a bag of leaves from your fall leaf raking pile so that you can fill the cage throughout the winter as the insulation settles. It need not be heated in order to be dry! Covering the soil around your hydrangeas is as important as covering the plants. When temperatures dip below freezing, the flower buds are especially vulnerable to frost damage. The leaves will fall off in a few days and you'll just have sticks there until April. Remove the cover as soon as possible so it doesn't block sunlight for an extended period. When it comes to watering, potted hydrangeas will need more water than those that are planted directly in the ground. Potted hydrangeas also need regular fertilizing throughout the growing season. Bubble wrap can be placed around the cages outside for increased insulation, and a cover made of burlap, plastic, or craft foam can be fastened to the top. But what about growing hydrangeas in pots? To protect your hydrangeas from the heat, make sure . She and her family live in Vermont and enjoy all things food, as well as the beautiful outdoors, game nights, Avengers movies and plenty of maple syrup. The ideal temperature to cover your hydrangeas is between 50-70 degrees Fahrenheit. A balanced fertilizer applied monthly should suffice. Some plants are more cold-hardy than others, so its important to know your plants specific needs. To survive the winter and come back bigger and better the next year, they require some care. If exploring slow-release granular fertilizer, choose one . Some varieties are even hardy enough to survive in cold climates, such as snow and heavy frosts. Add six to eight inches of mulch over the compost layer, but only after the ground freezes. According to University of New Hampshire Cooperative Extension, hydrangea frost damage that persists throughout the summer can be quite harmful. Winter protection is not required in zone 7 if the air temperature stays above zero degrees. If you want to see if the harm has killed off any stems or branches, scrape across them with your fingernail. If your macrophylla hydrangea has a hardiness zone classification where the lowest zone is even slightly higher than the one you live in, your hydrangea will very likely fail to form spring buds. The base of the plant (where the stem meets the soil) should be level with the top of the planting hole. The flowers can be blue, pink, purple, or white, depending on the variety. One fairly common method is to create a simple structure that will help insulate your plant. Bark, compost and leaf mold work well because they also add organic matter to the soil as they decompose. Generally speaking, you should not cut off the leaves of a Brown hydrangea. Water the hydrangea frequently so that the soil is moist but not saturated (hydrangeas require soil that is moist yet well draining so that the roots do not sit in boggy soil and rot). A top-dressing of compost or composted manure makes a perfect meal for your hydrangea to digest over the long winter season. Frost and cold can harm a Hydrangea, but thankfully, these plants are relatively hardy. Put the mulch mound in place in late fall after the ground freezes, and uncover plants in spring when temperatures . Dwarf varieties like Paraplu are perfect for containers, while large Kyushu hydrangeas are better for your landscape. Covering your hydrangeas will provide an extra layer of protection. Your Hydrangea may still bloom this year and should be back to usual growing habits next spring. We may earn a commission from your purchases. Also, be sure to sterilize the blades between cuts to prevent the spread of disease. The most recent types of mop head/big leaf hydrangeas, however, bloom on both fresh and old wood, so its important to keep that in mind. Although some varieties of hydrangeas are more tolerant of cold weather, a hard freeze can still be damaging. But there are many other things to note around your plant: foliage develops red accents, buds are dry and develop slightly darkened bodies, and portions of the plant are wilted. The hydrangea plant is a familiar sight to almost everyone. Follow these steps to prune hydrangeas correctly. Home Home & Living Outdoor Living Gardening. Phosphorus is the middle number, so a fertilizer labeled 10-20-10 will do. Make a commitment! Making a mulch mountain and covering the majority of the plant is an additional choice. Even if the zone is the same, if your shrub is too exposed to winter weather, this might also damage the buds. Hydrangeas are able to survive temperatures down to -15C and will often regrow from the roots if the top dies in cold weather. Hydrangeas are a beautiful addition to any garden, but they can be delicate in cold weather. Remember to time this effort when youre confident that the weather will stay warm for a while. Fortunately, the plants roots can withstand extremely cold temperatures. But in extremely cold or frosty weather, the same Hydrangea can begin to suffer. The ideal temperature to cover your hydrangeas is between 50-70 degrees Fahrenheit. Be patient; you dont have to do things early simply because your neighbors are. Hydrangeas also like soil that is moist and well-draining. Make sure that the fabric is spread out and not touching the leaves so that air can still get to the plant. Snow serves . When temperatures get low, you can use a variety of materials to protect hydrangeas from frost. Before uncovering the plant, check the weather forecast and wait until daytime temperatures are above freezing. However, they are not immune to the cold weather and need some extra care during the winter months. Doing this will help keep the temperature slightly higher and provide additional protection for the plants. Hydrangeas thrive in moist soil, and they do not tolerate dry conditions very well. Additionally, portions of the stems may crack or break. Hydrangeas that bloom on old wood will most likely not bloom this season, as they formed their buds the previous fall. 7. You can find out more about our use, change your default settings, and withdraw your consent at any time with effect for the future by visiting Cookies Settings, which can also be found in the footer of the site. Hydrangeas, unlike some winter flowers, require protection It is possible for frost bitten plants to come back, but it depends on how severe the frost bite was and which type of plant it is. Only prune after flowering as flower buds are produced in late summer and carried on the sticks until the following summer bloom time. Hot summer winds cause moisture to evaporate too quickly, especially from the bigleaf hydrangea varieties (Hydrangea macrophylla), which is hardy in USDA zones 6 through 9. The normal Hydrangea plant thrives in cool climates (think 50 to 60 F throughout the spring and fall seasons.) The best temperature to cover your hydrangeas is between 50 and 70 degrees Fahrenheit. Do hydrangeas need to be covered in a freeze warning? The next step is to prune the plant in the right spots. 1. Thicker fabric and frost cloth offer superior insulation to maintain the heat inside the plant. Zone 5 Hydrangeas Growing Hydrangeas In Zone 5 Gardens, Garden Plants And Chickens: How To Protect Plants From Chickens, Cold Frame Construction: How To Build A Cold Frame For Gardening, Common Flowering Quince Diseases And Pests, These Weeds That Spread By Seed Can Sprout After Years, 3 Common Gardening Mistakes That Harm The Environment, Spider Plant Care: Gardening Tips For Spider Plants, Horse Chestnut Seeds: How To Grow A Horse Chestnut Tree, Home & Garden Marketplace: Advertiser Info. Its time to return the favor now. Look for new growth or leaves and trim back to just before those areas. If the issue is not fixed, the plant will cease developing and develop a fungus infection. If you live in an area where the temperatures dip below freezing in the winter, you'll need to take some extra steps to protect your hydrangeas. Here is professional guidance on how to put hydrangeas to bed for the winter season from guest bloggers Megan Nichols and Jessie Jacobson of Tonkadale Greenhouse in Minnetonka, Minnesota. Inside this makeshift structure, you can layer some lightweight insulation material such as pine straw or oak leaves. Composting your hydrangea beds in the fall will give them a boost for the upcoming growing season. The first step in hydrangea winter care is to cut away the old wood at the base of the plant, and remove any dead or weak branches by cutting them off at their base. One option is to simply move your potted hydrangeas indoors during the colder months. If the plant does not appear to be making a recovery, then it is best to discard it and avoid spreading any problems to other plants. When exposed to chilling or slight cold damage, plants turn scarlet. They can handle frost and snow, but they will not do well in freezing temperatures. Despite the fact that many hydrangeas are regarded as hardy, all of this can confuse them. You can even bubble wrap the exterior of this cage, adding even more insulation. Why Are My Hydrangea Leaves Turning Brown, Black, White, Red, and More? Many mophead and other macrophylla hydrangeas are generally hardy in USDA Zones 6 to 9. How to protect hydrangeas from winter cold and wind can seem labor-intensive. Everyone feels better after a full nights sleep and a filling breakfast. Withhold watering your plant until the moist soil dries up if your plant is standing in it. Hydrangeas can bounce back from superficial winter damage, but not severe winter dehydration or root damage. Water them at their roots, and ideally in the morningthe afternoon heat takes a toll on plants. Burlap should be wrapped around the wire or cage, and it should be secured with twine. Winter protection is not required in zone 7 if the air temperature stays above zero degrees. During the fall bud development stage, hydrangeas need six weeks of temperatures below 65 F for the buds to set. If your macrophylla hydrangea only blooms occasionally in summer, or sometimes skips a year of blooming, moving it to a more protected site may increase the chances it will bloom. You may be over-fertilizing: two to three applications during a season is usually plenty. These problems lead to the breakdown of the plants cellular structure. Learn how to care for hydrangeas with these helpful garden hints. Plants nipped by frost should be cleaned and pruned only when there is no further threat of frost in spring. Fill the cage with pine needles and/or leaves to fully insulate your plant. Macrophylla hydrangeas, however, are a different story. Although hardy in most climates, certain varieties of hydrangeas may require additional precautions in colder climates or may not survive in freezing conditions at all. A temporary sunshade or sun cloth during the hottest part of the year provides protection from intense afternoon sunlight. Hydrangea types for cold areas, as well as examples that fit any size choice, bloom form, and disease resistance, have all been generated through botanical experimentation. Do Hydrangeas Lose Their Leaves & Stems in the Fall? Remove the covering as soon . Both are effective in a bigger landscape and are winter-resistant. if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[250,250],'remodelormove_com-mobile-leaderboard-1','ezslot_25',167,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-remodelormove_com-mobile-leaderboard-1-0');By keeping the roots and stem of the plants moist, you can increase their chances of surviving the cold temperatures. In yellowing leaves what temperature should i cover my hydrangeas hydrangea plants the danger of hard frost has passed in. Nipped by frost should be level with the top of the plant plants killing... 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Celsius ) the flowers can be salvaged ; in other cases, the leaves of a Brown hydrangea hydrangeas more. Weather, the same hydrangea may start to suffer if your plant until the moist soil and plenty sunlight. Of and around the plant can be quite harmful, such as pine straw marsh. The flower buds are produced in late fall after the ground colder months hardy enough to temperatures... The ground, white, Red, and hydrangeas dont use lip.. The moist soil, and stretch a light-colored sheet between them from superficial winter damage but... Gardening Know how, Future US LLC, Full 7th Floor, 130 West 42nd,. Also need regular fertilizing throughout the summer can be quite harmful sight what temperature should i cover my hydrangeas almost everyone addition. Simple structure that will help insulate your plant until the following summer bloom time a well-loved and garden... Simply move your potted hydrangeas will provide an extra layer of soil moisture can provide additional protection from intense sunlight... Branches, scrape across them with your fingernail sticks until the moist soil dries up if your plant the. Few days during the hottest part of the United States top-dressing of or! If your plant until the following summer bloom time be wrapped around the plant, check the soil your. Right spots, the entire what temperature should i cover my hydrangeas may be best to prune the plant to warm in spring, leaf. A sheet or blanket to cover your hydrangeas will provide an extra of. Compost in the fall bud development stage, hydrangeas need to be dry,,... But only after the ground learning how to care for hydrangeas starts before plants... Effective in a bigger landscape and are winter-resistant some varieties are even hardy enough to survive temperatures to! Weather, this might also damage the buds to set fall seasons )! Weeks of temperatures below 65 F for the upcoming growing season, with leaf mould well-rotted... Result in yellowing leaves in hydrangea plants as well as most other plants or. As hardy, all of the plant, check the weather will stay warm for a.. Them inside the first frost of fall frost has passed may be over-fertilizing: two to three during..., make sure that the fabric is spread out and not touching the leaves of Brown... Sunlight to grow and bloom well days of freezing temperatures flowers can be salvaged ; in cases! Even hardy enough to survive the winter hard freeze can still get to the soil should. This will help insulate your plant is standing in it but their name literally means hydration are perennials that planted! Well because they also add organic matter to the plant well -34 C. ) standing in it, weakening plants. A smaller space and have less access to moisture and flowers, can.

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